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DOI: 10.1055/a-2577-7703
Selective Catalytic Aerobic Photooxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides
This research was financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22277101) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2682024KJ015 and 2682023ZTPY078).

Abstract
A convenient visible-light-promoted oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides is developed utilizing eosin Y as the photocatalyst and molecular oxygen from air as the oxidant. This photochemical protocol features good functional group tolerance and excellent chemoselectivity. Under the developed mild conditions, a wide variety of sulfides are converted into the corresponding sulfoxides in excellent yields (up to 93%). Moreover, this protocol can easily be amplified to gram scale, showing good practical value.
Supporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2577-7703.
- Supporting Information
Publication History
Received: 23 February 2025
Accepted after revision: 08 April 2025
Accepted Manuscript online:
08 April 2025
Article published online:
22 May 2025
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References and Notes
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- 37 Photooxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides To a tube equipped with a stir bar were added the corresponding thioether (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv), eosin Y (4 mol%), and MeCN/H2O (2 mL/0.2 mL). The mouth of the reaction tube was open to air and the reaction mixture was stirred under irradiation with a blue LED (4.8 W) at room temperature (25 °C). After 4 h, the crude mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by rapid chromatography on silica gel to give sulfoxides 2a–am, 4a, and 4b.
- 38 Methyl Phenyl Sulfoxide (2a) Yield: 66 mg (93%); white solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.47–7.45 (m, 2 H), 7.33–7.29 (m, 3 H), 2.51 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 145.3, 130.5, 128.9 (2 C), 123.0 (2 C), 43.5. HRESIMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C7H9OS: 141.0374; found: 141.0370.
- 39 Phenyl benzenesulfinothioate (4a) Yield: 49 mg (46%); white solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.59–7.55 (m, 3 H), 7.48–7.46 (m, 1 H), 7.43–7.41 (m, 2 H), 7.36–7.32 (m, 4 H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 143.1, 136.7 (2 C), 133.8, 131.5, 129.6 (2 C), 128.9 (2 C), 128.0, 127.7 (2 C). HRESIMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C12H11OS2: 235.0251; found: 235.0564.
- 40 4-Methoxyphenyl 4-Methoxybenzenesulfinothioate (4b) Yield: 60 mg (57%); yellow solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.49 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.85 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.84 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.85 (s, 3 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 163.6, 162.3, 138.5 (2 C), 135.0, 130.0 (2 C), 119.0, 115.0 (2 C), 113.9 (2 C), 55.8, 55.6. HRESIMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C14H15O3S2: 295.0463; found: 295.0460.
- 41 Gram-Scale Synthesis of Benzylmethylsulfoxide (2am) Benzyl methyl sulfide (1am) (1.10 g, 8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and eosin Y (207.3 mg, 0.324 mmol, 4 mol%) were added to a 50 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a stir bar. MeCN/H2O (30 mL, 10:1 v/v) was then added to dissolve solids. The reaction mixture was stirred under 4.8 W blue LEDs at room temperature for 6 h under an air atmosphere. The distance from the light source to the flask was about 5 cm. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with water (200 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 150 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was further purified by column chromatography using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as the eluent (20:1 v/v) to afford product 2am (1.10 g, 89% yield). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.55 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.47–7.42 (m, 3 H), 2.88–2.82 (m, 1 H), 2.74–2.68 (m, 1 H), 1.13 (t, J = 1.2 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 143.3, 130.9, 129.1 (2 C), 124.1 (2 C), 50.3, 5.9. HRESIMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C8H11OS: 155.0531; found: 155.0521.
- 42 Modafinil (6) To a tube equipped with a stir bar were added diphenylmethylthioacetamide (5) (0.39 mmol, 1.0 equiv), eosin Y (4 mol%), and MeOH/H2O (2 mL/0.2 mL). The mouth of the reaction tube was open to air and the reaction mixture was stirred under irradiation with a blue LED (4.8 W) at room temperature (25 °C). After 4 h, the crude mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by rapid chromatography on silica gel to give modafinil (6) (91 mg, 86% yield) as a white solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, methanol-d 4): δ = 7.90 (s, 1 H), 7.57–7.54 (m, 5 H), 7.44–7.41 (m, 5 H), 7.39–7.37 (m, 1 H), 5.35 (s, 1 H), 3.50–3.40 (m, 2 H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 166.3, 137.2, 134.9, 129.7, 129.0, 128.5, 128.0, 127.9, 68.8, 56.1. HRESIMS: m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H16NO2S: 274.0902; found: 274.0900.
- 43 Zhang JL, Wang LM, Liu Q, Yang Z, Huang Y. Chem. Commun. 2013; 49: 11662