Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern characterized by
insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Growing interest in natural therapies
has led to the exploration of propolis, a resinous bee product, for its potential
anti-diabetic effects. This review examines the mechanisms by which propolis may aid
in T2DM management. A literature search was conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed using the
terms (Propolis) AND (diabetes OR “insulin resistance” OR hyperglycemia), focusing
on studies published from 2014 onwards. The search yielded 384 and 207 records in
SCOPUS and PubMed, respectively. After screening and full-text review, 42 studies
met the inclusion criteria. Key variables analyzed included the type and source of
propolis, experimental models, dosage, treatment duration, and primary and secondary
outcomes. Findings highlight multiple mechanisms through which propolis may benefit
T2DM, including enhancing pancreatic β-cell function,
improving insulin sensitivity, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, modulating
gut microbiota, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Some studies also
reported protective effects on renal and hepatic function. Overall, propolis exhibits
promising potential as a complementary therapy for T2DM. However, further well-designed
clinical trials are necessary to confirm its efficacy, determine optimal dosing, and
identify key bioactive compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects. Future research
should focus on optimizing its clinical application for diabetes management.
Keywords
Apiculture - propolis - bee glue - diabetes mellitus - hyperglycemia - insulin resistance
