Einfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren in der Primärprävention von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen bei Übergewichtigen / Adipösen und Diabetikern

Zusammenfassung

Eine Diättherapie ist ein fester Bestandteil in der Behandlung und / oder Prävention von Übergewicht / Adipositas und Diabetes und assoziierte Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Diese Metaanalyse vergleicht 2 verschiedene Ernährungsformen (Diäten mit einem hohen Anteil einfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren und fettreduzierte Ernährungsformen) und deren Auswirkungen auf Biomarker kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Analysiert wurden randomisiert-kontrollierte Interventionsstudien mit einer Mindestdauer von 6 Wochen, welche im Zeitraum Januar 2000 bis November 2010 durchgeführt wurden. Die Suche erfolgte in den medizinischen Datenbanken MEDLINE, EMBASE und dem Cochrane-Trial-Register; 15 Studien erfüllten alle Einschlusskriterien. Alle Studien wurden an erwachsenen Probanden durchgeführt, die einen Body-Mass-Index über 25 kg / m² aufwiesen. Es konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Ernährungsformen mit Vorteil für die Diät mit hohem Anteil einfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren in Bezug auf die kardiovaskulären Biomarker wie Triglyzeride (–11,18 mg / dl [–21,57; –0,79]; p = 0,03) und diastolischer Blutdruck (−0,82 mm Hg [−1,63; −0,02] p = 0,05) festgestellt werden. Die Daten aus dieser Metaanalyse zeigen, dass Ernährungsformen mit hohem Anteil an MUFA einen positiven Effekt auf verschiedene kardiovaskuläre Biomarker ausüben und dass dieser Benefit z. T. stärker ausgeprägt ist als bei fettreduzierten Ernährungsformen. Weitere Studien, v. a. Langzeitinterventionen, sind erforderlich, um diese Wirkung zu bestätigen. Trotzdem sollte bereits jetzt die höhere Zufuhr von einfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren in der Prävention von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen nicht kategorisch stigmatisiert werden.

Abstract

Dietary measures are a constituent part in the treatment and / or prevention of overweight / obesity and diabetes and its associated cardiovascular diseases. By means of a meta-analysis, two different dietary approaches (diets with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids – High-MUFA – and low fat diets [LF]) were compared with respect to their effects on biomarkers of cardiovascular disorders. Only randomized controlled intervention trials with a running time of at least six weeks and performed between January 2000 and November 2010 were included. Primary search in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Trial Register) yielded 15 trials which met the inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in adult volunteers with either a mean or a median body mass index above 25 kg / m². We found significant differences favoring diets high on monounsaturated fatty acids comparing with low fat diets regarding their outcome on cardiovascular related biomarkers like triacylglycerols (–11.18 mg / dl [–21.57; –0.79] p = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (−0.82 mm Hg [−1.63; −0.02] p = 0.05). Taken together, this meta-analysis demonstrates that High-MUFA diets may exert a beneficial effect on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease that is more pronounced than the respective impact of LF diets. Although long-term studies are necessary to confirm these data, public health authorities should not categorically discriminate High-MUFA diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Schlüsselwörter

Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen - einfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren - low fat - Adipositas

Keywords

cardiovascular disease - monounsaturated fatty acids - low fat - obesity

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