Metabolic Profiling Assisted Quality Assessment of Rhodiola rosea Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

In this work, fast and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with multivariate analysis was utilized to assist the quality assessment of Rhodiola rosea extracts (RREs). 131 peaks were separated and detected in RREs on a fused-core C18 column. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the chromatographic data demonstrated that 10 batches of RREs could be well-differentiated and categorized into three groups which were closely related to the origins of RREs. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that the quality differentiation might be explained by at least 6 components, in which rosavin was characterized by an external reference, rosiridine was identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the mass spectra of the others were provided. The observation that the level of rosavin was more relevant to the multivariate chromatographic data than the ones of salidroside and tyrosol, the other two components commonly used to standardize RREs, was confirmed by the PLS prediction models. Results of the present study not only indicated that rosavin was a rational marker to represent the quality of RREs, but also demonstrated the power of HPLC-based metabolic profiling in the quality assessment of herbal extracts.

Key words

metabolic profiling - Rhodiola rosea L. extracts - Crassulaceae family - quality assessment - high-performance liquid chromatography - fused-core column

References

• 1 Xie P, Chen S, Liang Y Z, Wang X, Tian R, Upton R. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis–a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.  J Chromatogr A. 2006;  1112 171-180
• 2 Chen Y, Zhu S B, Xie M Y, Nie S P, Liu W, Li C, Gong X F, Wang Y X. Quality control and original discrimination of Ganoderma lucidum based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints and combined chemometrics methods.  Anal Chim Acta. 2008;  623 146-156
• 3 Jin X F, Lu Y H, Wei D Z, Wang Z T. Chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis of Salvia plebeia R.Br. by high-performance liquid chromatography.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;  48 100-104
• 4 Li W, Deng Y, Dai R, Yu Y, Saeed M K, Li L, Meng W, Zhang X. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of Cephalotaxus sinensis from various sources by high-performance liquid chromatography-diodearray detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;  45 38-46
• 5 Alaerts G, Matthijs N, Smeyers-Verbeke J, Vander Heyden Y. Chromatographic fingerprint development for herbal extracts: a screening and optimization methodology on monolithic columns.  J Chromatogr A. 2007;  1172 1-8
• 6 Chan E C, Yap S L, Lau A J, Leow P C, Toh D F, Koh H L. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng.  Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;  21 519-528
• 7 Liang Y Z, Xie P S, Chan K. Chromatographic fingerprinting and metabolomics for quality control of TCM.  Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2010;  13 943-953
• 8 Liang X, Zhang L, Zhang X, Dai W, Li H, Hu L, Liu H, Su J, Zhang W. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of traditional Chinese medicine Niu Huang Jie Du Pill using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tunable UV detector and rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010;  51 565-571
• 9 Wei S Y, Xu C J, Mok D K, Cao H, Lau T Y, Chau F T. Analytical comparison of different parts of Radix Angelicae Sinensis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.  J Chromatogr A. 2008;  1187 232-238
• 10 Qiu Y, Lu X, Pang T, Ma C, Li X, Xu G. Determination of radix ginseng volatile oils at different ages by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.  J Sep Sci. 2008;  31 3451-3457
• 11 Tan S N, Yong J W, Teo C C, Ge L, Chan Y W, Hew C S. Determination of metabolites in Uncaria sinensis by HPLC and GC-MS after green solvent microwave-assisted extraction.  Talanta. 2011;  83 891-898
• 12 Lan K, Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu L. Simple quality assessment approach for herbal extracts using high performance liquid chromatography-UV based metabolomics platform.  J Chromatogr A. 2010;  1217 1414-1418
• 13 Panossian A, Wikman G, Sarris J. Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy.  Phytomedicine. 2010;  17 481-493
• 14 Blomkvist J, Taube A, Larhammar D. Perspective on Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) studies.  Planta Med. 2009;  75 1187-1190
• 15 Ssaratikov A S, Krasnov E A, Chnikina L A, Duvidson L M, Sotova M I, Marina T F, Nechoda M F, Axenova R A, Tscherdinzeff S G. [Rhodiolosid, a new glycoside from Rhodiola rosea and its pharmacological properties].  Pharmazie. 1968;  23 392-395
• 16 Khnykina L A, Peshekhonova R I, Gol'tsev V D. [Photometric determination of rhodioloside in extracts of Rhodiola rosea L].  Farmatsiia. 1973;  22 24-27
• 17 Yousef G G, Grace M H, Cheng D M, Belolipov I V, Raskin I, Lila M A. Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species.  Phytochemistry. 2006;  67 2380-2391
• 18 Ganzera M, Yayla Y, Khan I A. Analysis of the marker compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography.  Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001;  49 465-467
• 19 Ma Y C, Wang X Q, Hou F F, Ma J, Luo M, Lu S, Jin P, Terevsky N, Chen A, Xu I, Pate A V, Gorecki D. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) analysis for quality control of Rhodiola rosea roots and commercial standardized products.  Nat Prod Commun. 2011;  6 645-650
• 20 Ma Y C, Wang X Q, Hou F, Ma J, Luo M, Lu S, Jin P, Chen A, Xu I, Patel A V, Gorecki D. Simultaneous quantification of polyherbal formulations containing Rhodiola rosea L. and Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. using rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC).  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011;  55 908-915
• 21 Avula B, Wang Y H, Ali Z, Smillie T J, Filion V, Cuerrier A, Arnason J T, Khan I A. RP-HPLC determination of phenylalkanoids and monoterpenoids in Rhodiola rosea and identification by LC-ESI-TOF.  Biomed Chromatogr. 2009;  23 865-872
• 22 Avula B, Wang Y H, Ali Z, Smillie T J, Filion V, Cuerrier A, Arnason J T, Khan I A. Erratum: RP-HPLC determination of phenylalkanoids and monoterpenoids in Rhodiola rosea and identification by LC-ESI-TOF.  Biomed Chromatogr. 2010;  24 682
• 23 Ioset K N, Nyberg N T, Van Diermen D, Malnoe P, Hostettmann K, Shikov A N, Jaroszewski J W. Metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes by (1)H NMR spectroscopy.  Phytochem Anal. 2010;  22 158-165
• 24 Sangster T, Major H, Plumb R, Wilson A J, Wilson I D. A pragmatic and readily implemented quality control strategy for HPLC-MS and GC-MS-based metabonomic analysis.  Analyst. 2006;  131 1075-1078
• 25 Peng Y, Luo J, Lu Q, Chen X, Xie Y, Chen L, Yang W, Du S. HPLC analysis, semi-preparative HPLC preparation and identification of three impurities in salidroside bulk drug.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009;  49 828-832
• 26 van den Berg R A, Hoefsloot H C, Westerhuis J A, Smilde A K, van der Werf M J. Centering, scaling, and transformations: improving the biological information content of metabolomics data.  BMC Genomics. 2006;  7 142
• 27 Zou L, Wang Z, Hu H, Yang M, Bao X, Wang A. Rapid determination of the salidroside, tyrosol and rosavin in Rhodiola rosea extract by HPLC using a fused-core column.  Chin Tradit Herb Drugs. 2011;  42 134-1337
• 28 Rostagno M A, Manchon N, D'Arrigo M, Guillamon E, Villares A, Garcia-Lafuente A, Ramos A, Martinez J A. Fast and simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds and caffeine in teas, mate, instant coffee, soft drink and energetic drink by high-performance liquid chromatography using a fused-core column.  Anal Chim Acta. 2011;  685 204-211
• 29 Manchon N, D'Arrigo M, Garcia-Lafuente A, Guillamon E, Villares A, Ramos A, Martinez J A, Rostagno M A. Fast analysis of isoflavones by high-performance liquid chromatography using a column packed with fused-core particles.  Talanta. 2010;  82 1986-1994
• 30 Abrahim A, Al-Sayah M, Skrdla P, Bereznitski Y, Chen Y, Wu N. Practical comparison of 2.7 microm fused-core silica particles and porous sub-2 microm particles for fast separations in pharmaceutical process development.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010;  51 131-137
• 31 Yang P, Litwinski G R, Pursch M, McCabe T, Kuppannan K. Separation of natural product using columns packed with Fused-Core particles.  J Sep Sci. 2009;  32 1816-1822