PDF herunterladen
Planta Med 2013; 79(11): 897-908
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328656
Reviews
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Application of Plant Metabonomics in Quality Assessment for Large-Scale Production of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Zhangchi Ning
1   School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
,
Cheng Lu
2   Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
,
Yuxin Zhang
1   School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
,
Siyu Zhao
1   School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
,
Baoqin Liu
3   Zhengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
,
Xuegong Xu
3   Zhengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
,
Yuanyan Liu
1   School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

received 13. Oktober 2012
revised 06. Mai 2013

accepted 12. Mai 2013

Publikationsdatum:
27. Juni 2013 (online)

   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The curative effects of traditional Chinese medicines are principally based on the synergic effect of their multi-targeting, multi-ingredient preparations, in contrast to modern pharmacology and drug development that often focus on a single chemical entity. Therefore, the method employing a few markers or pharmacologically active constituents to assess the quality and authenticity of the complex preparations has a number of severe challenges. Metabonomics can provide an effective platform for complex sample analysis. It is also reported to be applied to the quality analysis of the traditional Chinese medicine. Metabonomics enables comprehensive assessment of complex traditional Chinese medicines or herbal remedies and sample classification of diverse biological statuses, origins, or qualities in samples, by means of chemometrics. Identification, processing, and pharmaceutical preparation are the main procedures in the large-scale production of Chinese medicinal preparations. Through complete scans, plants metabonomics addresses some of the shortfalls of single analyses and presents a considerable potential to become a sharp tool for traditional Chinese medicine quality assessment.

Key words

plant metabonomics - large-scale production - discrimination - processing - pharmaceutics
 

  • References

  • 1 Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Opinion: understanding ʼglobalʼ systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2: 668-676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Hui-Ru T, Yu-Lan W. Metabonomics: a revolution in progress. Prog Biochem Biophys 2006; 33: 401-417
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Dong J, Xu L, Cao H, Dai X, Li X, Yang S, Chen Z. A new data processing method for metabonomic and its application in a study of diabetes. Chin J Magn Reson 2007; 24: 393
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Lu YH, Hao HP, Wang GJ, Chen XH, Zhu XX, Xiang BR, Huang Q. A JY. Metabolomics approach to the biochemical differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine syndrome types of hypertension. Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 12: 1144-1150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Cheng LL, Chang IW, Louis DN, Gonzalez RG. Correlation of high-resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy with histopathology of intact human brain tumor specimens. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1825-1832
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Cheng L, Ma M, Becerra L, Ptak T, Tracey I, Lackner A, Gonzalez R. Quantitative neuropathology by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 6408-6413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Lao YM, Jiang JG, Yan L. Application of metabonomic analytical techniques in the modernization and toxicology research of traditional Chinese medicine. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157: 1128-1141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Kim N, Kim K, Choi BY, Lee DH, Shin YS, Bang KH, Cha SW, Lee JW, Choi HK, Jang DS. Metabolomic approach for age discrimination of Panax ginseng using UPLC-Q-Tof MS. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 10435-10441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Holmes E, Wilson ID, Nicholson JK. Metabolic phenotyping in health and disease. Cell 2008; 134: 714-717
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolomics for bioactivity assessment of natural products. Phytother Res 2010; 25: 157-169
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Nobeli I, Thornton JM. A bioinformaticianʼs view of the metabolome. Bioessays 2006; 28: 534-545
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wold S, Sjöström M, Eriksson L. PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2001; 58: 109-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Gabrielsson J, Jonsson H, Airiau C, Schmidt B, Escott R, Trygg J. OPLS methodology for analysis of pre-processing effects on spectroscopic data. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2006; 84: 153-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wold S, Trygg J, Berglund A, Antti H. Some recent developments in PLS modeling. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2001; 58: 131-150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Ceglarek U, Leichtle A, Brügel M, Kortz L, Brauer R, Bresler K, Thiery J, Fiedler GM. Challenges and developments in tandem mass spectrometry based clinical metabolomics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301: 266-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hastings CA, Norton SM, Roy S. New algorithms for processing and peak detection in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2002; 16: 462-467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Danielsson R, Bylund D, Markides KE. Matched filtering with background suppression for improved quality of base peak chromatograms and mass spectra in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2002; 454: 167-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Andreev VP, Rejtar T, Chen HS, Moskovets EV, Ivanov AR, Karger BL. A universal denoising and peak picking algorithm for LC-MS based on matched filtration in the chromatographic time domain. Anal Chem 2003; 75: 6314-6326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Bueschl C, Kluger B, Berthiller F, Lirk G, Winkler S, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. MetExtract: a new software tool for the automated comprehensive extraction of metabolite-derived LC/MS signals in metabolomics research. Bioinformatics 2012; 28: 736-738
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Mok DKW, Chau FT. Chemical information of Chinese medicines: A challenge to chemist. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2006; 82: 210-217
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Xie P, Chen S, Liang YZ, Wang X, Tian R, Upton R. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis–a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112: 171-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Li L, Sun B, Zhang Q, Fang J, Ma K, Li Y, Chen H, Dong F, Gao Y, Li F, Yan X. Metabonomic study on the toxicity of Hei-Shun-Pian, the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Ranunculaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116: 561-568
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Zhang A, Sun H, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Recent and potential developments of biofluid analyses in metabolomics. J Proteom 2012; 75: 1079-1088
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Duan LX, Chen TL, Li M, Chen M, Zhou YQ, Cui GH, Zhao AH, Jia W, Huang LQ, Qi X. Use of the metabolomics approach to characterize Chinese medicinal material Huangqi. Mol Plant 2012; 5: 376-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Xie G, Plumb R, Su M, Xu Z, Zhao A, Qiu M, Long X, Liu Z, Jia W. Ultra-performance LC/TOF MS analysis of medicinal Panax herbs for metabolomic research. J Sep Sci 2008; 31: 1015-1026
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Yi L, Yuan D, Liang Y, Xie P, Zhao Y. Fingerprinting alterations of secondary metabolites of tangerine peels during growth by HPLC–DAD and chemometric methods. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649: 43-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Wang L, Wang X, Kong L. Automatic authentication and distinction of Epimedium koreanum and Epimedium wushanense with HPLC fingerprint analysis assisted by pattern recognition techniques. Biochem Syst Ecol 2012; 40: 138-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Francisco CS, Messiano GB, Lopes LM, Tininis AG, de Oliveira JE, Capellari Jr. L. Classification of Aristolochia species based on GC-MS and chemometric analyses of essential oils. Phytochemistry 2008; 69: 168-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Sun H, Wang M, Zhang A, Ni B, Dong H, Wang X. UPLC-Q-TOF-HDMS analysis of constituents in the root of two kinds of Aconitum using a metabolomics approach. Phytochem Anal 2013; 24: 263-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Liu NQ, Cao M, Frederich M, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, van der Kooy F. Metabolomic investigation of the ethnopharmacological use of Artemisia afra with NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 230-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lucio-Gutiérrez JR, Coello J, Maspoch S. Application of near infrared spectral fingerprinting and pattern recognition techniques for fast identification of Eleutherococcus senticosus . Food Res Int 2011; 44: 557-565
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lu GH, Chan K, Liang YZ, Leung K, Chan CL, Jiang ZH, Zhao ZZ. Development of high performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints for distinguishing Chinese Angelica from related Umbelliferae herbs. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073: 383-392
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Tistaert C, Dejaegher B, Chataigne G, Van Minh C, Quetin-Leclercq J, Vander Heyden Y. Dissimilar chromatographic systems to indicate and identify antioxidants from Mallotus species. Talanta 2011; 83: 1198-1208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Qin X, Dai Y, Liu NQ, Li Z, Liu X, Hu J, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolic fingerprinting by (1)H-NMR for discrimination of the two species used as Radix Bupleuri. Planta Med 2012; 78: 926-933
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Tian RT, Xie PS, Liu HP. Evaluation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine: Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) by both high-performance liquid chromatographic and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint and chemometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 2150-2155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Fukuda E, Baba M, Iwasaki N, Uesawa Y, Arifuku K, Kamoe O, Tsubono K, Okada Y. Identification of Glycyrrhiza species by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5: 1755-1758
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Pan R, Guo F, Lu H, Feng WW, Liang YZ. Development of the chromatographic fingerprint of Scutellaria barbatan D. Don by GC-MS combined with chemometrics methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55: 391-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Zhao YY, Zhang Y, Lin RC, Sun WJ. An expeditious HPLC method to distinguish Aconitum kusnezoffii from related species. Fitoterapia 2009; 80: 333-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Xiang Z, Wang XQ, Cai XJ, Zeng S. Metabolomics study on quality control and discrimination of three Curcuma species based on gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal 2011; 22: 411-418
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Wu HW. Studies on warm and cold nature of JiangHuang and YuJin based on metabonomics [dissertation]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; 2011
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Grubesić RJ, Vukovic J, Kremer D, Vladimir-Knezevic S. Spectrophotometric method for polyphenols analysis: prevalidation and application on Plantago L. species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39: 837-842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Dan M, Su M, Gao X, Zhao T, Zhao A, Xie G, Qiu Y, Zhou M, Liu Z, Jia W. Metabolite profiling of Panax notoginseng using UPLC-ESI-MS. Phytochemistry 2008; 69: 2237-2244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Fukuda E, Yoshida M, Baba M, Uesawa Y, Suzuki R, Kamo O, Tsubono K, Arifuku K, Yatsunami K, Okada Y. Application to classification of mulberry leaves using multivariate analysis of proton NMR metabolomic data. Nat Prod Commun 2011; 6: 1621-1625
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Kong WJ, Zhao YL, Xiao XH, Jin C, Li ZL. Quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis for quality control of rhizoma Coptidischinensis based on UPLC-PAD combined with chemometrics methods. Phytomedicine 2009; 16: 950-959
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Lai Y, Ni Y, Kokot S. Discrimination of Rhizoma Corydalis from two sources by near-infrared spectroscopy supported by the wavelet transform and least-squares support vector machine methods. Vib Spectrosc 2011; 56: 154-160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Zou P, Hong Y, Koh HL. Chemical fingerprinting of Isatis indigotica root by RP-HPLC and hierarchical clustering analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38: 514-520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Chen Y, Xie MY, Yan Y, Zhu SB, Nie SP, Li C, Wang YX, Gong XF. Discrimination of Ganoderma lucidum according to geographical origin with near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 618: 121-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Gong F, Liang YZ, Xu QS, Chau FT. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution applied to the determination of essential oils in Cortex cinnamomi. J Chromatogr A 2001; 905: 193-205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Guo FQ, Liang YZ, Xu CJ, Li XN, Huang LF. Analyzing of the volatile chemical constituents in Artemisia capillaris herba by GC-MS and correlative chemometric resolution methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35: 469-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Jung JH, Hong J. GC/MS combined with chemometrics methods for quality control of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq: Determination of essential oils. Microchem J 2011; 97: 274-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Li W, Xing L, Cai Y, Qu H. Classification and quantification analysis of Radix scutellariae from different origins with near infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Vib Spectrosc 2011; 55: 58-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Ioset KN, Nyberg NT, Van Diermen D, Malnoe P, Hostettmann K, Shikov AN, Jaroszewski JW. Metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Phytochem Anal 2011; 22: 158-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Zhao C, Chan HY, Yuan D, Liang Y, Lau TY, Chau FT. Rapid simultaneous determination of major isoflavones of Pueraria lobata and discriminative analysis of its geographical origins by principal component analysis. Phytochem Anal 2011; 22: 503-508
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Tianniam S, Bamba T, Fukusaki E. Pyrolysis GC-MS-based metabolite fingerprinting for quality evaluation of commercial Angelica acutiloba roots. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109: 89-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Wang HL, Yao WF, Zhu DN, Hu YZ. Chemical fingerprinting by HPLC-DAD-ELSD and principal component analysis of Polygala japonica from different locations in China. Chin J Nat Med 2010; 8: 343-348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Suzuki R, Ikeda Y, Yamamoto A, Saima T, Fujita T, Fukuda T, Fukuda E, Baba M, Okada Y, Shirataki Y. Classification using NMR-based metabolomics of Sophora flavescens grown in Japan and China. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7: 1453-1455
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Kim N, Kim K, Choi BY, Lee D, Shin YS, Bang KH, Cha SW, Lee JW, Choi HK, Jang DS. Metabolomic approach for age discrimination of Panax ginseng using UPLC-Q-Tof MS. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 10435-10441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Yang SO, Shin YS, Hyun SH, Cho S, Bang KH, Lee D, Choi SP, Choi HK. NMR-based metabolic profiling and differentiation of ginseng roots according to cultivation ages. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 58: 19-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Xue SY, Wang XJ, Sun HF, Zhang LZ, Qin XM, Li ZY. Metabolomic study of flower buds of Tussilago farfara in different development stages by GC-MS. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37: 2863-2869
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Wang JH, Wang ZH. Studies on enhancing therapeutic action of processing Chinese crude drugs. Lishizhen J Tradit Chin Med Res 1997; 8: 67-68
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Sun H, Ni B, Zhang A, Wang M, Dong H, Wang X. Metabolomics study on Fuzi and its processed products using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography/electrospray-ionization synapt high-definition mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition analysis. Analyst 2012; 137: 170-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Kim SH, Hyun SH, Yang SO, Choi HK, Lee BY. (1)H-NMR-based discrimination of thermal and vinegar treated ginseng roots. J Food Sci 2010; 75: C577-C581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Angelova N, Kong HW, van der Heijden R, Yang SY, Choi YH, Kim HK, Wang M, Hankemeier T, van der Greef J, Xu G, Verpoorte R. Recent methodology in the phytochemical analysis of ginseng. Phytochem Anal 2008; 19: 2-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Zhang HM, Li SL, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao ZL, Chen SL, Xu HX. Holistic quality evaluation of commercial white and red ginseng using a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62: 258-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Lee JI, Ha YW, Choi TW, Kim HJ, Kim SM, Jang HJ, Choi JH, Choi MH, Chung BC, Sethi G, Kim SH, Ahn KS, Choi SH, Shim BS. Cellular uptake of ginsenosides in Korean white ginseng and red ginseng and their apoptotic activities in human breast cancer cells. Planta Med 2011; 77: 133-140
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Kim SN, Ha YW, Shin H, Son SH, Wu SJ, Kim YS. Simultaneous quantification of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) by HPLC-ELSD and its application to quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45: 164-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Leung KW, Wong AST. Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chin Med 2010; 5: 20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng CA Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16: 6-18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Shibata S. Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. J Korean Med Sci 2001; 16: S28-S37
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK, Park JH. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J Nat Prod 2000; 63: 1702-1704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Kwon SW, Han SB, Park IH, Kim JM, Park MK, Park JH. Liquid chromatographic determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2001; 921: 335-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Park IH, Kim NY, Han SB, Kim JM, Kwon SW, Kim HJ, Park MK, Park JH. Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25: 428-432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lee SM, Shon HJ, Choi CS, Hung TM, Min BS, Bae KH. Ginsenosides from heat processed ginseng. Chem Pharm Bull 2009; 57: 92-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Park IH, Han SB, Kim JM, Piao L, Kwon SW, Kim NY, Kang TL, Park MK, Park JH. Four new acetylated ginsenosides from processed ginseng (sun ginseng). Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25: 837-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Chan EC, Yap SL, Lau AJ, Leow PC, Toh DF, Koh HL. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2007; 21: 519-528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Toh DF, New LS, Koh HL, Chan EC. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TOFMS) for time-dependent profiling of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng . J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52: 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Li SL, Song JZ, Qiao CF, Zhou Y, Qian K, Lee KH, Xu HX. A novel strategy to rapidly explore potential chemical markers for the discrimination between raw and processed Radix Rehmanniae by UHPLC-TOFMS with multivariate statistical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51: 812-823
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Guo N, Fan B, Peng J, Yan H, Ma F, Yu Y. Ultra-performance LC/TOF MS analysis of fruits of Ligustrum lucidum for metabolomic research. Chin J Exp Tradit Med F 2010; 10: 131-133
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Wang XJ. Based on NMR/UPLC plant metabonomics study on quality control of Polygala tenuifolia Willd [dissertation]. Shanxi: Shanxi University; 2012
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Ruan GH, Li GK. The study on the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii by microwave assisted extraction coupled with GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850: 241-248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Ni Y, Peng Y, Kokot S. Fingerprinting of complex mixtures with the use of high performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 616: 19-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Tanaka K, Tamura T, Fukuda S, Batkhuu J, Sanchir C, Komatsu K. Quality evaluation of Astragali Radix using a multivariate statistical approach. Phytochemistry 2008; 69: 2081-2087
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Okada T, Afendi FM, Altaf-Ul-Amin M, Takahashi H, Nakamura K, Kanaya S. Metabolomics of medicinal plants: the importance of multivariate analysis of analytical chemistry data. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2010; 6: 179-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Tang JC, Zhang JN, Wu YT, Li ZX. Effect of the water extract and ethanol extract from traditional Chinese medicines Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Rheum palmatum L. on rat liver cytochrome P450 activity. Phytother Res 2006; 20: 1046-1051
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Li HB, Jiang Y, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Chen F. Evaluation of two methods for the extraction of antioxidants from medicinal plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388: 483-488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Martin J, Stöger EA, Wiebrecht A. Praxisleitfaden TCM-Drogen–Vorbehandlung–Zubereitung–Sondervorschriften. Dtsch Zeitschrift Akupunktur (DZA) 2009; 52: 72-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Ding Y, Wu EQ, Liang C, Chen J, Tran MN, Hong CH, Jang Y, Park KL, Bae K, Kim YH, Kang JS. Discrimination of cinnamon bark and cinnamon twig samples sourced from various countries using HPLC-based fingerprint analysis. Food Chem 2011; 127: 755-760
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Ni Y, Zhang L, Churchill J, Kokot S. Application of high performance liquid chromatography for the profiling of complex chemical mixtures with the aid of chemometrics. Talanta 2007; 72: 1533-1539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Li Y, Wu T, Zhu J, Wan L, Yu Q, Li X, Cheng Z, Guo C. Combinative method using HPLC fingerprint and quantitative analyses for quality consistency evaluation of an herbal medicinal preparation produced by different manufacturers. Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52: 597-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Peng JB, Jia HM, Liu YT, Zhang HW, Dong S, Zou ZM. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of chemical constituents in Xin-Ke-Shu preparations by liquid chromatography coupled with a LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55: 984-995
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Yang CF. Application of UPLC/RRLC/UFLC in study on Chinese materia medica and its preparation. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 2009; 39: 1259-1263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Zhang LJ. The development of NMR. J Hebei Morm Univ 2000; 24: 224-227
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Daolio C, Beltrame FL, Ferreira AG, Cass QB, Cortez DA, Ferreira MM. Classification of commercial Catuaba samples by NMR, HPLC and chemometrics. Phytochem Anal 2008; 19: 218-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Lin Y, Schiavo S, Orjala J, Vouros P, Kautz R. Microscale LC-MS-NMR platform applied to the identification of active cyanobacterial metabolites. Anal Chem 2008; 80: 8045-8054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Ali K, Iqbal M, Korthout HA, Maltese F, Fortes AM, Pais MS, Verpoorte R, Choi YH. NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics as a tool for anti-TNFalpha activity screening in crude extracts of grapes and other berries. Metabolomics 2012; 8: 1148-1161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Yang J, Xu G, Kong H, Zheng Y, Pang T, Yang Q. Artificial neural network classification based on high-performance liquid chromatography of urinary and serum nucleosides for the clinical diagnosis of cancer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780: 27-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Yang J, Xu G, Zheng Y, Kong H, Pang T, Lv S, Yang Q. Diagnosis of liver cancer using HPLC-based metabonomics avoiding false-positive result from hepatitis and hepatocirrhosis diseases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 813: 59-65
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Yang J, Xu G, Zheng Y, Kong H, Wang C, Zhao X, Pang T. Strategy for metabonomics research based on high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084: 214-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Pham-Tuan H, Kaskavelis L, Daykin CA, Janssen HG. Method development in high-performance liquid chromatography for high-throughput profiling and metabonomic studies of biofluid samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 789: 283-301
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Lenz EM, Wilson ID. Analytical strategies in metabonomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6: 443-458
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Chace DH, Kalas TA. A biochemical perspective on the use of tandem mass spectrometry for newborn screening and clinical testing. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 296-309
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Fan TW, Lorkiewicz PK, Sellers K, Moseley HN, Higashi RM, Lane AN. Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics and applications for drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 133: 366-391
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Gad HA, El-Ahmady SH, Abou-Shoer MI, Al-Azizi MM. Application of chemometrics in authentication of herbal medicines: a review. Phytochem Anal 2013; 24: 1-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Dharmaraj S, Jamaludin AS, Razak HM, Valliappan R, Ahmad NA, Harn GL, Ismail Z. The classification of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. according to location by infrared spectroscopy. Vib Spectrosc 2006; 41: 68-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Vlachos N, Skopelitis Y, Psaroudaki M, Konstantinidou V, Chatzilazarou A, Tegou E. Applications of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy to edible oils. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573–574: 459-465
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Kokalj M, Kolar J, Trafela T, Kreft S. Differences among Epilobium and Hypericum species revealed by four IR spectroscopy modes: transmission, KBr tablet, diffuse reflectance and ATR. Phytochem Anal 2011; 22: 541-546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Debonneville C, Thome MA, Chaintreau A. Hyphenation of quadrupole MS to GC and comprehensive two-dimensional GC for the analysis of suspected allergens: review and improvement. J Chromatogr Sci 2004; 42: 450-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ronda F, Rodríguez-Nogales JM, Sancho D. Multivariate optimisation of a capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of glutenins. Application to quantitative analysis of the endosperm storage proteins in wheat. Food Chem 2008; 108: 287-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Ou LJ, Sun XP, Liu QD, Mi SQ, Wang NS. Effects of Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Citri reticulatae extracts on myocardial ischemia in rats. Zhong Yao Cai 2009; 32: 1723-1726
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Ooi LS, Li Y, Kam SL, Wang H, Wong EY, Ooi VE. Antimicrobial activities of cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde from the Chinese medicinal herb Cinnamomum cassia Blume. Am J Chin Med 2006; 34: 511-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 de Sousa DP, Nobrega FF, de Lima MR, de Almeida RN. Pharmacological activity of (R)-(+)-pulegone, a chemical constituent of essential oils. Z Naturforsch C 2011; 66: 353-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Zhang GC, Fang SM. Antioxidation of Pueraria lobata iIsoflavones. Zhong Yao Cai 1997; 26: 340-343
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Qi CF, Song SW, Liu DF, Du XF, Wan XC, Song LH. Effects of total isoflavones of Pueraria DC. on bone mineral density and Ca in ovariectomized rats. J Biol 2007; 24: 22-24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Gao D, Li Q, Li Y, Liu Z, Fan Y, Zhao H, Li J, Han Z. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of oleanolic acid from Ligustrum lucidum Ait in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2009; 23: 1257-1262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar