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Synlett 2016; 27(07): 1061-1067
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1561362
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1561362
cluster
Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction Induced by Chiral Supramolecular Lewis Acid Catalysts Based on CN···B and PO···B Coordination Bonds
Further Information
Publication History
Received: 09 December 2015
Accepted: 12 January 2016
Publication Date:
05 February 2016 (online)
Abstract
Chiral supramolecular boron Lewis acid catalysts were prepared from chiral 3-phosphoryl-1,1′-bi-2-naphthols, (2-cyanophenyl)boronic acids, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, bound through CN···B and PO···B coordination bonds. In particular, the coordinated tris(pentafluorophenyl)boranes increase the Lewis acidity of the active center in the manner of a Lewis acid assisted Lewis acid catalyst system. A possible cavity in these catalysts was highly suitable for several Diels–Alder probe reactions of acroleins with cyclic or acyclic dienes, which gave the corresponding adducts in good to high yields and high enantioselectivities.
Key words
supramolecular catalysts - asymmetric catalysis - Diels–Alder reactions - Lewis acids - dienes - aldehydesSupporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1561362.
- Supporting Information
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References and Notes
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- 12 In the ESI-MS (positive mode) analysis of catalyst 2c, a peak for [2a + H2O + H]+ was observed. See the Supporting Information.
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- 19 The previous supramolecular catalyst 1 was calculated to be in a similar C 1-symmetric syn-conformation for two bulky tris(pentafluorophenyl)boranes.4
- 20 Other possible transition states are discussed in the Supporting Information, which also gives the results for other supramolecular catalysts.
- 21 Diels–Alder Reaction of Methacrolein (4a) with Cyclopenta-1,3-diene (3); Typical Procedure A solution of (R)-3-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-H8-BINOL (22.1 mg, 0.050 mmol) and [2-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boronic acid (10.7 mg, 0.050 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), THF (0.3 mL), and H2O (9 μL, 0.5 mmol) was stirred at r.t. for 12 h in a Pyrex Schlenk tube under N2. Volatile compounds were removed under reduced pressure, and powdered 4 Å MS (250 mg, used as received from a commercial source) was added. The resulting white solid was heated at 100 °C (bath temperature) and <5 torr for 2 h. The resulting substance was cooled to r.t. under N2 and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (51.2 mg, 0.10 mmol) and freshly distilled CH2Cl2 (2 mL) were added under argon in a glove box. The pale-brown mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h, then cooled to –78 °C, and methacrolein 4a (95% purity, 43.4 μL, 0.50 mmol) was added. Freshly distilled cyclopenta-1,3-diene (3; 210 μL, 2.5 mmol) was then added over 15 min at –78 °C, and the mixture was stirred at –78 °C for 3 h. To quench the reaction, Et3N (0.5 mL) was poured into the reaction mixture at –78 °C. The product mixture was directly purified by column chromatography [silica gel, pentane–Et2O (100:1 to 8:1)]. Solvents were removed on a rotary evaporator at 15 °C and <200 torr to give 5a; yield: 60.8 mg (89%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 0.76 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1 H), 1.01 (s, 3 H), 1.39 (m, 2 H), 2.25 (dd, J = 12.0, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.82 (br s, 1 H), 2.90 (br s, 1 H), 6.11 (dd, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (dd, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 9.69 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 20.1, 34.6, 43.2, 47.6, 48.5, 53.9, 133.1, 139.6, 205.9. HRMS (EI): m/z [M]+ calcd for C9H12O: 136.0888; found: 136.0893. The endo/exo ratio of 5a was determined by 1H NMR (CDCl3) analysis: δ = 9.40 [s, 1 H, CHO (endo-5a)], 9.69 [s, 1 H, CHO (exo-5a)] (see ref. 4a). The enantioselectivity and absolute stereochemistry of 5a were determined by GC analysis according to the reported method (see ref. 4a).
For recent reviews on supramolecular catalysis, see:
For reviews on acid–base combination chemistry, see:
For anomalous endo-selective Diels–Alder reactions of α-substituted acroleins, see:
For anomalous exo-selective Diels–Alder reactions of α-nonsubstituted acroleins, see:
For reviews on the Diels–Alder reaction, see:
As a strong Lewis base moiety, a phosphoryl group (P=O) is highly attractive in asymmetric catalysis. Shibasaki pioneered the development of catalytic asymmetric cyanosilylation and a Strecker-type reaction in which Me3SiCN is effectively activated by coordination of a phosphoryl group; see:
We have used the coordinating P=O moiety in some catalytic processes; see:
Yamamoto developed the pioneering concept of combined acid catalysis. For reviews, see:
The C(=O)H···O hydrogen-bonding interaction is well known, see:
Energy profiles and bond distances in boron Lewis acid complexes with coordinating substrates such as aldehydes, ketones, or pyridines have been studied; see: