Eur J Pediatr Surg 2018; 28(04): 327-346
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668130
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Cardiopulmonary Function in Thoracic Wall Deformities: What Do We Really Know?

Dawn E. Jaroszewski
1   Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
,
Cristine S. Velazco
1   Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
,
Venkata Siva Krishna Kumar Pulivarthi
1   Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
,
Reza Arsanjani
2   Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
,
Robert J. Obermeyer
3   Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

05 July 2018

06 July 2018

Publication Date:
13 August 2018 (online)

Abstract

Patients with pectus excavatum (PE) frequently present with complaints of exercise intolerance and cardiopulmonary symptoms. There continues to be controversy regarding the physiologic benefits of repair. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss recent data regarding the cardiopulmonary effects of PE deformity and the evidence for improvement obtained after surgical repair including (1) a greater efficiency of breathing (chest wall mechanics), (2) improvement in pulmonary restrictive deficits, (3) an increase in cardiac chamber size and output, with improved cardiac strain and strain rate, and (4) improvement in exercise capacity.

 
  • References

  • 1 Sigalet DL, Montgomery M, Harder J, Wong V, Kravarusic D, Alassiri A. Long term cardiopulmonary effects of closed repair of pectus excavatum. Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23 (05) 493-497
  • 2 Chao CJ, Jaroszewski DE, Kumar PN. , et al. Surgical repair of pectus excavatum relieves right heart chamber compression and improves cardiac output in adult patients--an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic study. Am J Surg 2015; 210 (06) 1118-1124
  • 3 Kelly Jr RE, Cash TF, Shamberger RC. , et al. Surgical repair of pectus excavatum markedly improves body image and perceived ability for physical activity: multicenter study. Pediatrics 2008; 122 (06) 1218-1222
  • 4 Kelly Jr RE, Obermeyer RJ, Nuss D. Diminished pulmonary function in pectus excavatum: from denying the problem to finding the mechanism. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 5 (05) 466-475
  • 5 Kelly Jr RE, Shamberger RC, Mellins RB. , et al. Prospective multicenter study of surgical correction of pectus excavatum: design, perioperative complications, pain, and baseline pulmonary function facilitated by internet-based data collection. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205 (02) 205-216
  • 6 Kelly Jr RE, Mellins RB, Shamberger RC. , et al. Multicenter study of pectus excavatum, final report: complications, static/exercise pulmonary function, and anatomic outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 217 (06) 1080-1089
  • 7 Jaroszewski DE, Fonkalsrud EW. Repair of pectus chest deformities in 320 adult patients: 21 year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84 (02) 429-433
  • 8 Redlinger Jr RE, Wootton A, Kelly RE. , et al. Optoelectronic plethysmography demonstrates abrogation of regional chest wall motion dysfunction in patients with pectus excavatum after Nuss repair. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47 (01) 160-164
  • 9 LoMauro A, Pochintesta S, Romei M. , et al. Rib cage deformities alter respiratory muscle action and chest wall function in patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. PLoS One 2012; 7 (04) e35965
  • 10 Redlinger Jr RE, Kelly RE, Nuss D. , et al. Regional chest wall motion dysfunction in patients with pectus excavatum demonstrated via optoelectronic plethysmography. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46 (06) 1172-1176
  • 11 Binazzi B, Innocenti Bruni G, Gigliotti F. , et al. Effects of the Nuss procedure on chest wall kinematics in adolescents with pectus excavatum. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 183 (02) 122-127
  • 12 Neviere R, Pentiah AD, Montaigne D, Wurtz A. Pectus excavatum repair improves cardiovascular function at maximal exercise by facilitating heart filling. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 43 (03) 661-661
  • 13 Flaminiano LE, Celli BR. Respiratory muscle testing. Clin Chest Med 2001; 22 (04) 661-677
  • 14 Neviere R, Benhamed L, Duva Pentiah A, Wurtz A. Pectus excavatum repair improves respiratory pump efficacy and cardiovascular function at exercise. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (02) 605-606
  • 15 Kelly RE, Goretsky MJ, Obermeyer R. , et al. Twenty-one years of experience with minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum by the Nuss procedure in 1215 patients. Ann Surg 2010; 252 (06) 1072-1081
  • 16 Lawson ML, Mellins RB, Tabangin M. , et al. Impact of pectus excavatum on pulmonary function before and after repair with the Nuss procedure. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (01) 174-180
  • 17 Lawson ML, Mellins RB, Paulson JF. , et al. Increasing severity of pectus excavatum is associated with reduced pulmonary function. J Pediatr 2011; 159 (02) 256-261
  • 18 Malek MH, Berger DE, Marelich WD, Coburn JW, Beck TW, Housh TJ. Pulmonary function following surgical repair of pectus excavatum: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 30 (04) 637-643
  • 19 Johnson JN, Hartman TK, Pianosi PT, Driscoll DJ. Cardiorespiratory function after operation for pectus excavatum. J Pediatr 2008; 153 (03) 359-364
  • 20 Bawazir OA, Montgomery M, Harder J, Sigalet DL. Midterm evaluation of cardiopulmonary effects of closed repair for pectus excavatum. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (05) 863-867
  • 21 Castellani C, Windhaber J, Schober PH, Hoellwarth ME. Exercise performance testing in patients with pectus excavatum before and after Nuss procedure. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26 (07) 659-663
  • 22 Sigalet DL, Montgomery M, Harder J. Cardiopulmonary effects of closed repair of pectus excavatum. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (03) 380-385
  • 23 Borowitz D, Cerny F, Zallen G. , et al. Pulmonary function and exercise response in patients with pectus excavatum after Nuss repair. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (04) 544-547
  • 24 Gürkan U, Aydemir B, Aksoy S. , et al. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function before and after surgery in patients with pectus excavatum and right ventricular compression. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 62 (03) 231-235
  • 25 Coln E, Carrasco J, Coln D. Demonstrating relief of cardiac compression with the Nuss minimally invasive repair for pectus excavatum. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41 (04) 683-686
  • 26 Malek MH, Fonkalsrud EW, Cooper CB. Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to exercise in patients with pectus excavatum. Chest 2003; 124 (03) 870-882
  • 27 Mocchegiani R, Badano L, Lestuzzi C, Nicolosi GL, Zanuttini D. Relation of right ventricular morphology and function in pectus excavatum to the severity of the chest wall deformity. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76 (12) 941-946
  • 28 Jaroszewski DE, Ewais MM, Chao CJ. , et al. Success of minimally invasive pectus excavatum procedures (modified Nuss) in adult patients (≥30 years). Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102 (03) 993-1003
  • 29 Krueger T, Chassot PG, Christodoulou M, Cheng C, Ris HB, Magnusson L. Cardiac function assessed by transesophageal echocardiography during pectus excavatum repair. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89 (01) 240-243
  • 30 Chao CJ, Jaroszewski D, Gotway M. , et al. Effects of pectus excavatum repair on right and left ventricular strain. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 105 (01) 294-301
  • 31 Zhao L, Feinberg MS, Gaides M, Ben-Dov I. Why is exercise capacity reduced in subjects with pectus excavatum?. J Pediatr 2000; 136 (02) 163-167
  • 32 Bevegard S. Postural circulatory changes at rest and during exercise in patients with funnel chest, with special reference to factors affecting the stroke volume. Acta Med Scand 1962; 171: 695-713
  • 33 Neviere R, Montaigne D, Benhamed L. , et al. Cardiopulmonary response following surgical repair of pectus excavatum in adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 40 (02) e77-e82
  • 34 Maagaard M, Tang M, Ringgaard S. , et al. Normalized cardiopulmonary exercise function in patients with pectus excavatum three years after operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96 (01) 272-278
  • 35 Tang M, Nielsen HHM, Lesbo M. , et al. Improved cardiopulmonary exercise function after modified Nuss operation for pectus excavatum. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41 (05) 1063-1067
  • 36 Hu TZ, Li Y, Liu WY, Wu XD, Feng JX. Surgical treatment of pectus excavatum: 30 years 398 patients of experiences. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43 (07) 1270-1274
  • 37 Töpper A, Polleichtner S, Zagrosek A. , et al. Impact of surgical correction of pectus excavatum on cardiac function: insights on the right ventricle. A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016; 22 (01) 38-46
  • 38 Dore M, Triana Junco P, De La Torre C. , et al. Nuss procedure for a patient with negative Haller Index. European J Pediatr Surg Rep 2018; 6 (01) e18-e22
  • 39 Humphries CM, Anderson JL, Flores JH, Doty JR. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for perioperative evaluation of sternal eversion for pectus excavatum. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 43 (06) 1110-1113
  • 40 Gardner BI, Bingham SE, Allen MR, Blatter DD, Anderson JL. Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction: an intrasubject comparison using simultaneous intrasubject recordings. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009; 7: 38 . Doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-7-38
  • 41 Anderson JL, Horne BD, Pennell DJ. Atrial dimensions in health and left ventricular disease using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005; 7 (04) 671-675
  • 42 Deviggiano A, Vallejos J, Vina N. , et al. Exaggerated interventricular dependence among patients with pectus excavatum: combined assessment with cardiac MRI and chest CT. Am J Roentgenol 2017; 208 (04) 854-861
  • 43 Gorcsan III J, Tanaka H. Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial strain. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (14) 1401-1413
  • 44 Smiseth OA, Torp H, Opdahl A, Haugaa KH, Urheim S. Myocardial strain imaging: how useful is it in clinical decision making?. Eur Heart J 2016; 37 (15) 1196-1207
  • 45 O'Keefe J, Byrne R, Montgomery M, Harder J, Roberts D, Sigalet DL. Longer term effects of closed repair of pectus excavatum on cardiopulmonary status. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48 (05) 1049-1054
  • 46 Haller Jr JA, Loughlin GM. Cardiorespiratory function is significantly improved following corrective surgery for severe pectus excavatum. Proposed treatment guidelines. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2000; 41 (01) 125-130
  • 47 Morshuis WJ, Folgering HT, Barentsz JO, Cox AL, van Lier HJ, Lacquet LK. Exercise cardiorespiratory function before and one year after operation for pectus excavatum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107 (06) 1403-1409
  • 48 Elwell RS. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation - Wasserman,K, Hansen,JE, Sue,DY, Whipp,BJ, Casaburi,R. Ergonomics 1996; 39 (05) 808-808
  • 49 McKelvie RS, Jones NL. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10 (02) 277-291
  • 50 Albouaini K, Egred M, Alahmar A, Wright DJ. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application. Postgrad Med J 2007; 83 (985) 675-682
  • 51 Malek MH, Coburn JW. Strategies for cardiopulmonary exercise testing of pectus excavatum patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63 (02) 245-254
  • 52 Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: how do we differentiate the cause of dyspnea?. Circulation 2004; 110 (04) e27-e31
  • 53 Ats A. ; American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167 (02) 211-277
  • 54 Hansen JE, Sue DY, Wasserman K. Predicted values for clinical exercise testing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129 (2 Pt 2): S49-S55
  • 55 Crisafulli A, Piras F, Chiappori P. , et al. Estimating stroke volume from oxygen pulse during exercise. Physiol Meas 2007; 28 (10) 1201-1212
  • 56 Forman DE, Myers J, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M, Celli B, Arena R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: relevant but underused. Postgrad Med 2010; 122 (06) 68-86
  • 57 Udholm S, Maagaard M, Pilegaard H, Hjortdal V. Cardiac function in adults following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016; 22 (05) 525-529
  • 58 Al-Assiri A, Kravarusic D, Wong V, Dicken B, Milbrandt K, Sigalet DL. Operative innovation to the “Nuss” procedure for pectus excavatum: operative and functional effects. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44 (05) 888-892
  • 59 Peterson RJ, Young Jr WG, Godwin JD, Sabiston Jr DC, Jones RH. Noninvasive assessment of exercise cardiac function before and after pectus excavatum repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 90 (02) 251-260
  • 60 Cahill JL, Lees GM, Robertson HT. A summary of preoperative and postoperative cardiorespiratory performance in patients undergoing pectus excavatum and carinatum repair. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19 (04) 430-433
  • 61 Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD. , et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 91 (02) 645-653
  • 62 Maagaard M, Heiberg J. Improved cardiac function and exercise capacity following correction of pectus excavatum: a review of current literature. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 5 (05) 485-492
  • 63 Lesbo M, Tang M, Nielsen HH, Frokiaer J, Lundorf E, Pilegaard HK, Hjortdal VE. Compremised cardiac funciton in exercising teenagers with pectus excavatum. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011; 13 (04) 377-380