Fruktose – Freund oder Feind?

Zusammenfassung

Die Aufnahme von Fruktose ist in vielen industrialisierten Ländern weltweit in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark angestiegen. Dies resultiert u. a. aus einer zunehmenden Verwendung des reinen Monosaccharids oder des sog. „High Fructose Corn Syrup“ (HFCS, Maissirup oder auch Fruktose-Glukose-Sirup) als Süßungsmittel. Neben Problemen für Patienten mit einer angeborenen oder erworbenen Fruktosemalabsorption sowie der seltenen, genetisch bedingten hereditären Fruktoseintoleranz, wird die vermehrte industrielle Verwendung und die damit einhergehende vermehrte Aufnahme von Fruktose über die Nahrung als ein Risikofaktor in der Entstehung von Übergewicht und damit assoziierten metabolischen Erkrankungen wie der arteriellen Hypertonie, Insulinresistenz, Dyslipidämie aber auch der nicht alkoholischen Fettlebererkrankung diskutiert. Die molekularen Mechanismen, die zu diesen Erkrankungen führen sowie die Rolle der Aufnahme von Fruktose hierbei, sind jedoch bislang nicht vollständig geklärt. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Fruktosemalabsorption, der hereditären Fruktoseintoleranz sowie Ergebnisse von klinischen Studien zur Fruktoseaufnahme und deren Assoziation mit der Entstehung übergewichtsassoziierter Erkrankungen zusammengefasst dargestellt.

Abstract

During the last decades fructose intake has markedly increased in many industrialized countries worldwide as the use of the pure monosaccharide but also that of the so called high fructose corn syrup (HFCS, corn syrup or fructose-glucose-syrup) as sweetener has increased. Besides problems for patients suffering from an inborn or an acquired fructose malabsorption as well as patients suffering from the genetically determined hereditary fructose intolerance, the increased industrial usage and subsequently intake of fructose is discussed as a potential risk factor for the development of overweight and related metabolic diseases including arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, despite intense research efforts the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to overweight-associated diseases and in particular the role of fructose consumption are not yet fully understood. In the presented review article, recent data on fructose malabsorption, fructose intolerance as well as results from clinical trials investigating the association of fructose intake and the development of obesity and related metabolic diseases are summarized.

Schlüsselwörter

Fruktose - Fruktosemalabsorption - Fruktoseintoleranz - metabolisches Syndrom - nicht alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung

Keywords

fructose - fructose malabsorption - fructose intolerance - metabolic syndrome - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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