Large for Gestational Age and Adverse Outcomes: Stratified By Diabetes Status

Abstract

Objective To examine the association of adverse outcomes among parturients with large for gestational age (LGA; birth weight ≥ 90^th) newborns, stratified by diabetes status. Additionally, we described the temporal trends of adverse outcomes among LGA neonates.

Study Design This retrospective cohort study used the U.S. Vital Statistics dataset between 2014 and 2020. The inclusion criteria were singleton, nonanomalous LGA live births who labored and delivered at 24 to 41 weeks with known diabetes status. The coprimary outcomes were composite neonatal adverse outcomes of the following: Apgar score < 5 at 5 minutes, assisted ventilation > 6 hours, seizure, or neonatal or infant mortality, and maternal adverse outcomes of the following: maternal transfusion, ruptured uterus, unplanned hysterectomy, admission to intensive care unit, or unplanned procedure. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to assess changes in rates of LGA and morbidity over time.

Results Of 27 million births in 7 years, 1,843,467 (6.8%) met the inclusion criteria. While 1,656,888 (89.9%) did not have diabetes, 186,579 (10.1%) were with diabetes. Composite neonatal adverse outcomes (aRR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.43, 1.52) and composite maternal adverse outcomes (aRR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.36, 1.38) were significantly higher among individuals with diabetes, compared with those without diabetes. From 2014 to 2020, the LGA rate was stable among people without diabetes. However, there was a downward trend of LGA in people with diabetes (AAPC = − 2.4, 95% CI = − 3.5, −1.4).

Conclusion In pregnancies with LGA newborns, composite neonatal and maternal morbidities were higher in those with diabetes, compared with those without diabetes.

Key Points

• Large for gestational age stratified by diabetes status.

• Composite neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes are worse among individuals with diabetes as compared to those without.

• During 2014 to 2020, the trend of LGA in individuals without diabetes increased.

Keywords

LGA - macrosomia - diabetes adverse outcomes - diabetes trend

Note

This study was presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine February 11, 2023.

Publication History

Received: 21 March 2024

Accepted: 26 April 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
30 April 2024

Article published online:
27 May 2024

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