Abstract
A series of sterically hindered (methoxylated) polychlorinated
biphenyl derivatives were synthesized using the Suzuki and the Ullmann
coupling reactions. The Suzuki coupling with Pd(dba)2 /2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl
(DPDB) gave better yields (65-98%) compared to
the classic Ullmann coupling reaction (20-38%).
Despite the reactive catalyst system, no significant coupling with
aromatic chlorine substituents was observed. Crystal structure analysis
of four PCB derivatives revealed solid state dihedral angles ranging
from 69.7˚ to 81.0˚, which indicates that these
highly ortho -substituted PCB derivatives
have some conformational flexibility.
Key words
biaryls - palladium - Suzuki cross-coupling - Ullmann cross-coupling - dihedral angle
References
<A NAME="RM07810SS-1">1 </A>
Hansen LG.
The Ortho Side of PCBs: Occurrence and Disposition
Kluwer
Academic Publishers;
Boston:
1999.
<A NAME="RM07810SS-2">2 </A>
Robertson LW.
Hansen LG.
Recent
Advances in the Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects of PCBs
University
Press of Kentucky;
Lexington:
2001.
<A NAME="RM07810SS-3">3 </A>
Hu D.
Hornbuckle KC.
Environ. Sci. Technol.
2010,
44:
2822
<A NAME="RM07810SS-4">4 </A>
Schantz SL.
Widholm JJ.
Rice DC.
Environ. Health Perspect.
2003,
111:
357
<A NAME="RM07810SS-5">5 </A>
Kodavanti PRS.
Intracellular Signaling
and Developmental Neurotoxicity, In Molecular Neurotoxicology:
Environmental Agents and Transcription-Transduction Coupling
Zawia NH.
CRC Press;
Boca Roton:
2004.
p.151
<A NAME="RM07810SS-6">6 </A>
Wong PW.
Brackney WR.
Pessah IN.
J. Biol. Chem.
1997,
272:
15145
<A NAME="RM07810SS-7">7 </A>
Wong PW.
Joy RM.
Albertson TE.
Schantz SL.
Pessah IN.
Neurotoxicology
1997,
18:
443
<A NAME="RM07810SS-8">8 </A>
Wong PW.
Pessah IN.
Mol. Pharmacol.
1996,
49:
740
<A NAME="RM07810SS-9">9 </A>
Pessah IN.
Hansen LG.
Albertson TE.
Garner CE.
Ta TA.
Do Z.
Kim KH.
Wong PW.
Chem.
Res. Toxicol.
2006,
19:
92
<A NAME="RM07810SS-10">10 </A>
Waller SC.
He YA.
Harlow GR.
He YQ.
Mash EA.
Halpert JR.
Chem. Res. Toxicol.
1999,
12:
690
<A NAME="RM07810SS-11">11 </A>
Telu S.
Parkin S.
Robertson LW.
Lehmler H.-J.
Environ. Int.
2010,
36:
828
<A NAME="RM07810SS-12">12 </A>
Bergman Å.
Klasson Wehler E.
Kuroki H.
Nilsson A.
Chemosphere
1995,
30:
1921
<A NAME="RM07810SS-13">13 </A>
Goldstein JA.
Hass JR.
Linko P.
Harvan DJ.
Drug Metab. Dispos.
1978,
6:
258
<A NAME="RM07810SS-14">14 </A>
Shaikh NS.
Parkin S.
Lehmler H.-J.
Organometallics
2006,
25:
4207
<A NAME="RM07810SS-15">15 </A>
Moron M.
Sundström G.
Wachtmeister CA.
Acta Chem. Scand.
1973,
27:
3121
<A NAME="RM07810SS-16">16 </A>
Lehmler H.-J.
Robertson LW.
Chemosphere
2001,
45:
1119
<A NAME="RM07810SS-17">17 </A>
Lehmler H.-J.
Robertson LW.
Chemosphere
2001,
45:
137
<A NAME="RM07810SS-18">18 </A>
Kania-Korwel I.
Parkin S.
Robertson LW.
Lehmler HJ.
Chemosphere
2004,
56:
735
<A NAME="RM07810SS-19">19 </A>
Luthe GM.
Schut BG.
Aaseng JE.
Chemosphere
2009,
77:
1242
<A NAME="RM07810SS-20">20 </A>
Zhang Z.
Ji HY.
Fu XL.
Yang Y.
Xue YR.
Gao GH.
Chin. Chem. Lett.
2009,
20:
927
<A NAME="RM07810SS-21">21 </A>
Kang H.
Facchetti A.
Stern CL.
Rheingold AL.
Kassel WS.
Marks TJ.
Org.
Lett.
2005,
7:
3721
<A NAME="RM07810SS-22">22 </A>
Barder TE.
Walker SD.
Martinelli JR.
Buchwald SL.
J.
Am. Chem. Soc.
2005,
127:
4685
<A NAME="RM07810SS-23">23 </A>
Feuerstein M.
Doucet H.
Santelli M.
Tetrahedron
Lett.
2001,
42:
6667
<A NAME="RM07810SS-24">24 </A>
Kenny JR.
Maggs JL.
Meng X.
Sinnott D.
Clarke SE.
Park BK.
Stachulski AV.
J. Med. Chem.
2004,
47:
2816
<A NAME="RM07810SS-25">25 </A>
Fryszkowska A.
Tilford RW.
Guo F.
Kaszynski P.
Tetrahedron
2005,
61:
2327
<A NAME="RM07810SS-26">26 </A>
Bhalerao NVM.
Panse DG.
Bapat BV.
Ghatge BB.
Indian
J. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl. Med. Chem.
1985,
24:
327
<A NAME="RM07810SS-27">27 </A>
Hartz RA.
Ahuja VT.
Rafalski M.
Schmitz WD.
Brenner AB.
Denhart DJ.
Ditta JL.
Deskus JA.
Yue EW.
Arvanitis AG.
Lelas S.
Li Y.-W.
Molski TF.
Wong H.
Grace JE.
Lentz KA.
Li J.
Lodge NJ.
Zaczek R.
Combs AP.
Olson RE.
Mattson RJ.
Bronson JJ.
Macor JE.
J. Med. Chem.
2009,
52:
4161
<A NAME="RM07810SS-28">28 </A>
Tietze LF.
Vock CA.
Krimmelbein IK.
Nacke L.
Synthesis
2009,
2040
<A NAME="RM07810SS-29">29 </A>
Springer DM.
Luh B.-Y.
Goodrich J.
Bronson JJ.
Bioorg. Med. Chem.
2003,
11:
265
<A NAME="RM07810SS-30">30 </A>
Miyaura N.
Suzuki A.
Chem. Rev.
1995,
95:
2457
<A NAME="RM07810SS-31">31 </A>
Huang X.
Buchwald SL.
Org. Lett.
2001,
3:
3417
<A NAME="RM07810SS-32">32 </A>
Yang D.
Kim KH.
Phimister A.
Bachstetter AD.
Ward TR.
Stackman RW.
Mervis RF.
Wisniewski AB.
Klein SL.
Kodavanti PRS.
Anderson KA.
Wayman G.
Pessah IN.
Lein PJ.
Environ. Health Perspect.
2009,
17:
426
<A NAME="RM07810SS-33">33 </A>
Bauer U.
Amaro AR.
Robertson LW.
Chem. Res. Toxicol.
1995,
8:
92
<A NAME="RM07810SS-34">34 </A>
Lehmler H.-J.
Parkin S.
Robertson LW.
Chemosphere
2002,
46:
485
<A NAME="RM07810SS-35">35 </A>
Lehmler HJ.
Robertson LW.
Parkin S.
Acta Crystallogr.,
Sect. E
2005,
61:
o3025
<A NAME="RM07810SS-36">36 </A>
Rissanen K.
Valkonen J.
Mannila B.
Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. C
1988,
44:
684
<A NAME="RM07810SS-37">37 </A>
Vyas SM.
Parkin S.
Lehmler HJ.
Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. E
2006,
62:
o2905
<A NAME="RM07810SS-38">38 </A>
Rissanen K.
Valkonen J.
Mannila B.
Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. C
1988,
44:
682
<A NAME="RM07810SS-39">39 </A>
Singh P.
Pedersen LG.
McKinney JD.
Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C
1986,
42:
1172
<A NAME="RM07810SS-40">40 </A>
Miao X.-S.
Chu S.-G.
Xu X.-B.
Jin X.-L.
Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C
1996,
52:
2581
<A NAME="RM07810SS-41">41 </A>
Pedersen BF.
Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. B
1975,
31:
2931
<A NAME="RM07810SS-42">42 </A>
Singh P.
McKinney JD.
Acta Crystallogr.,
Sect. B
1979,
35:
259
<A NAME="RM07810SS-43">43 </A>
Shaikh NS.
Parkin S.
Lehmler HJ.
Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. E
2006,
62:
o662
<A NAME="RM07810SS-44">44 </A>
Hodgson HH.
Wignall JS.
J. Chem. Soc.
1927,
2216
<A NAME="RM07810SS-45">45 </A>
Waterhouse I.
J.
Labelled Compd. Radiopharm.
1999,
42:
1075
<A NAME="RM07810SS-46">46 </A>
Bolgar M.
Cunningham J.
Cooper R.
Kozloski R.
Hubball J.
Miller DP.
Crone T.
Kimball H.
Janooby A.
Miller B.
Fairless B.
Chemosphere
1995,
31:
2687
<A NAME="RM07810SS-47">47 </A>
Crystallographic data (excluding structure
factors) for the structures in this paper have been deposited with
the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication
nos. CCDC 797054-797058. Copies of the data can be obtained,
free of charge, on application to CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge
CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44(1223)336033 or e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk.