Flüssigkeitsversorgung von Senioren – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme aktuellen Wissens und etablierter Empfehlungen (Teil 1)

Einleitung

Trinkwasser ist das wichtigste Lebensmittel, es kann nicht ersetzt werden (Leitsatz der DIN 2000 „Zentrale Trinkwasserversorgung. Leitsätze für Anforderungen an Trinkwasser, Planung, Bau und Betrieb der Anlagen“). Trotz der essenziellen Bedeutung von Trinkwasser für den menschlichen Organismus, ist der Wasserbedarf des Menschen, insbesondere auch der des alten Menschen, nicht eindeutig festgelegt. Er variiert je nach Körpergewicht, körperlicher Aktivität, Gesundheitszustand und Umgebungsklima.

Wasser geht nicht verloren, es unterliegt einem Kreislauf. Dieser zweite Grundsatz trifft auch für den Menschen zu, dessen Wasserquellen Getränke, Speisen und endogene Stoffwechselprozesse wie der oxidative Abbau von organischen Nahrungsstoffen umfassen. Mit Urin, Kot, Schweiß und Atemluft gibt der Mensch Wasser ab.

Trotz der unbestrittenen Bedeutung von Trinkwasser für das Leben sind viele Fragen nicht einfach zu klären. Beispielsweise die Frage nach dem täglichen Bedarf, den Konsequenzen bei Unter- und Überversorgung, und den Methoden zur Evaluation des individuellen Flüssigkeitshaushalts. Dementsprechend tun sich Fachgesellschaften und nationale wie internationale Behörden schwer, einheitliche Empfehlungen auszusprechen, zumal einige Aspekte aus ethischen Überlegungen wissenschaftlich kaum zweifelsfrei zu klären sind. Unzweifelhaft ist dagegen, dass dieses Thema mit zunehmendem Alter besondere Bedeutung erfährt. Deshalb widmet sich die vorliegende Übersicht insbesondere dem Thema Flüssigkeitsversorgung von Senioren und geht 10 zentralen Fragen nach. Dabei soll geprüft werden, welche wissenschaftlichen Studien den verbreiteten Aussagen zugrunde liegen und wo zusätzlicher Forschungsbedarf besteht. Anhand aktueller Literaturrecherchen werden verbreitete Aussagen kritisch kommentiert und die folgenden Fragen soweit möglich beantwortet:

1. Wie viel Flüssigkeit braucht der alte Mensch?

2. Wie häufig ist Flüssigkeitsmangel beim alten Menschen?

3. Wie wirkt sich Flüssigkeitsmangel beim alten Menschen aus?

4. Welche mentale und dermale „Anti-Aging-Wirkung“ hat Trinkwasser?

5. Wie kann man mit einfachen Methoden Flüssigkeitsdefizite erkennen?

• Literatur

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