Long-Term Outcome of Esophageal Anastomosis

R. J. Rintala; M. P. Pakarinen

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347912

European Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Eur J Pediatr Surg 2013; 23(03): 219-225
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1347912

Review

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Long-Term Outcome of Esophageal Anastomosis

R. J. Rintala

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

,

M. P. Pakarinen

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

After repair of esophageal atresia (EA) in a newborn, esophageal dysmotility presenting as dysphagia and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux are common. Significant esophageal morbidity associated with EA extends into adulthood. In adulthood approximately one-fifth of the patients have developed epithelial metaplastic changes, one-third of these have intestinal metaplasia (Barrett esophagus). Surgical complications, increasing age, and impaired esophageal motility predict the development of epithelial metaplasia after repair of EA. To date, worldwide, eight cases of esophageal cancer have been reported in young adults treated for EA. Incidence of esophageal cancer after EA repair is very much likely to increase in the future. Life-long endoscopic follow-up is warranted in patients with EA.

Keywords

esophageal atresia - long-term outcomes

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Hamza AF, Abdelhay S, Sherif H , et al. Caustic esophageal strictures in children: 30 years' experience. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (6) 828-833
2 Koivusalo AI, Pakarinen MP, Rintala RJ. Modern outcomes of oesophageal atresia: single centre experience over the last twenty years. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48 (2) 297-303
3 Kovesi T, Rubin S. Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest 2004; 126 (3) 915-925
4 Taylor AC, Breen KJ, Auldist A , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and related pathology in adults who were born with esophageal atresia: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (6) 702-706
5 Deurloo JA, Ekkelkamp S, Bartelsman JF , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux: prevalence in adults older than 28 years after correction of esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 2003; 238 (5) 686-689
6 Deurloo JA, Klinkenberg EC, Ekkelkamp S, Heij HA, Aronson DC. Adults with corrected oesophageal atresia: is oesophageal function associated with complaints and/or quality of life?. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24 (5) 537-541
7 Kawahara H, Kubota A, Hasegawa T , et al. Lack of distal esophageal contractions is a key determinant of gastroesophageal reflux disease after repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42 (12) 2017-2021
8 Lemoine C, Aspirot A, Le Henaff G, Piloquet H, Lévesque D, Faure C. Characterization of esophageal motility following esophageal atresia repair using high-resolution esophageal manometry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56 (6) 609-614
9 Bókay J, Kis E, Verebély T. Myoelectrical activity of the stomach after surgical correction of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (11) 1732-1736
10 Di Pace MR, Caruso AM, Catalano P, Casuccio A, Cimador M, De Grazia E. Evaluation of esophageal motility and reflux in children treated for esophageal atresia with the use of combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46 (3) 443-451
11 Pederiva F, Burgos E, Francica I, Zuccarello B, Martinez L, Tovar JA. Intrinsic esophageal innervation in esophageal atresia without fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24 (1) 95-100
12 Gatzinsky V, Jönsson L, Johansson C, Göthberg G, Sillén U, Friberg LG. Dysphagia in adults operated on for esophageal atresia—use of a symptom score to evaluate correlated factors. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2011; 21 (2) 94-98
13 Sistonen SJ, Koivusalo A, Nieminen U , et al. Esophageal morbidity and function in adults with repaired esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: a population-based long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 2010; 251 (6) 1167-1173
14 Tomaselli V, Volpi ML, Dell'Agnola CA, Bini M, Rossi A, Indriolo A. Long-term evaluation of esophageal function in patients treated at birth for esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19 (1-2) 40-43
15 Tovar JA, Diez Pardo JA, Murcia J, Prieto G, Molina M, Polanco I. Ambulatory 24-hour manometric and pH metric evidence of permanent impairment of clearance capacity in patients with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30 (8) 1224-1231
16 Mittal RK, Bhalla V. Oesophageal motor functions and its disorders. Gut 2004; 53 (10) 1536-1542
17 Qi BQ, Uemura S, Farmer P, Myers NA, Hutson JM. Intrinsic innervation of the oesophagus in fetal rats with oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15 (1) 2-7
18 Davies MR. Anatomy of the extrinsic motor nerve supply to mobilized segments of the oesophagus disrupted by dissection during repair of oesophageal atresia with distal fistula. Br J Surg 1996; 83 (9) 1268-1270
19 Boleken M, Demirbilek S, Kirimiloglu H , et al. Reduced neuronal innervation in the distal end of the proximal esophageal atretic segment in cases of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula. World J Surg 2007; 31 (7) 1512-1517
20 Li K, Zheng S, Xiao X, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Chen L. The structural characteristics and expression of neuropeptides in the esophagus of patients with congenital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42 (8) 1433-1438
21 Midrio P, Alaggio R, Strojna A , et al. Reduction of interstitial cells of Cajal in esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51 (5) 610-617
22 Konkin DE, O'hali WA, Webber EM, Blair GK. Outcomes in esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (12) 1726-1729
23 Spitz L, Kiely E, Brereton RJ, Drake D. Management of esophageal atresia. World J Surg 1993; 17 (3) 296-300
24 Beasley SW, Phelan PD, Chetcuti P. Late results following repair of oesophageal atresia. In: Beasley SW, Myers NA, Auldist AW, , eds. Oesophageal Atresia. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1991: 369-394
25 Chittmittrapap S, Spitz L, Kiely EM, Brereton RJ. Anastomotic stricture following repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25 (5) 508-511
26 Myers NA, Beasley SW, Auldist AW. Secondary esophageal surgery following repair of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25 (7) 773-777
27 Lambert R, Hainaut P. The multidisciplinary management of gastrointestinal cancer. Epidemiology of oesophagogastric cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21 (6) 921-945
28 Schuchert MJ, Luketich JD. Barrett's esophagus-emerging concepts and controversies. J Surg Oncol 2007; 95 (3) 185-189
29 Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF. American Gastroenterological Association Institute, Clinical Practice and Quality Management Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135 (4) 1392-1413 , e1–e5
30 Deurloo JA, Ekkelkamp S, Schoorl M, Heij HA, Aronson DC. Esophageal atresia: historical evolution of management and results in 371 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73 (1) 267-272
31 Koivusalo A, Pakarinen MP, Rintala RJ. The cumulative incidence of significant gastrooesophageal reflux in patients with oesophageal atresia with a distal fistula—a systematic clinical, pH-metric, and endoscopic follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42 (2) 370-374
32 Schalamon J, Lindahl H, Saarikoski H, Rintala RJ. Endoscopic follow-up in esophageal atresia-for how long is it necessary?. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38 (5) 702-704
33 Somppi E, Tammela O, Ruuska T , et al. Outcome of patients operated on for esophageal atresia: 30 years' experience. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33 (9) 1341-1346
34 Koivusalo A, Pakarinen M, Rintala RJ, Lindahl H. Does postoperative pH monitoring predict complicated gastroesophageal reflux in patients with esophageal atresia?. Pediatr Surg Int 2004; 20 (9) 670-674
35 Quinlan JM, Colleypriest BJ, Farrant M, Tosh D. Epithelial metaplasia and the development of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1776 (1) 10-21
36 Deurloo JA, Ekkelkamp S, Taminiau JA , et al. Esophagitis and Barrett esophagus after correction of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (8) 1227-1231
37 Lindahl H, Rintala R, Louhimo I. Failure of the Nissen fundoplication to control gastroesophageal reflux in esophageal atresia patients. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24 (10) 985-987
38 Lambert R, Hainaut P. The multidisciplinary management of gastrointestinal cancer. Epidemiology of oesophagogastric cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21 (6) 921-945
39 Biller JA, Allen JL, Schuster SR, Treves ST, Winter HS. Long-term evaluation of esophageal and pulmonary function in patients with repaired esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32 (9) 985-990
40 Krug E, Bergmeijer JH, Dees J, de Krijger R, Mooi WJ, Hazebroek FW. Gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus in adults born with esophageal atresia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (10) 2825-2828
41 Schuchert MJ, Luketich JD. Barrett's esophagus-emerging concepts and controversies. J Surg Oncol 2007; 95 (3) 185-189
42 Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T , et al. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129 (6) 1825-1831
43 Lindahl H, Rintala R, Sariola H. Chronic esophagitis and gastric metaplasia are frequent late complications of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28 (9) 1178-1180
44 Kerkhof M, Bax DA, Moons LM , et al; Cybar Study Group. Does CDX2 expression predict Barrett's metaplasia in oesophageal columnar epithelium without goblet cells?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 (11-12) 1613-1621
45 Adzick NS, Fisher JH, Winter HS, Sandler RH, Hendren WH. Esophageal adenocarcinoma 20 years after esophageal atresia repair. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24 (8) 741-744
46 Deurloo JA, van Lanschot JJ, Drillenburg P, Aronson DC. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 38 years after primary repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36 (4) 629-630
47 Pultrum BB, Bijleveld CM, de Langen ZJ, Plukker JT. Development of an adenocarcinoma of the esophagus 22 years after primary repair of a congenital atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (12) e1-e4
48 Alfaro L, Bermas H, Fenoglio M, Parker R, Janik JS. Are patients who have had a tracheoesophageal fistula repair during infancy at risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma during adulthood?. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40 (4) 719-720
49 Jayasekera CS, Desmond PV, Holmes JA, Kitson M, Taylor AC. Cluster of 4 cases of esophageal squamous cell cancer developing in adults with surgically corrected esophageal atresia—time for screening to start. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47 (4) 646-651
50 LaQuaglia MP, Gray M, Schuster SR. Esophageal atresia and ante-thoracic skin tube esophageal conduits: squamous cell carcinoma in the conduit 44 years following surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1987; 22 (1) 44-47
51 Esquibies AE, Zambrano E, Ziai J , et al. Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma associated with repaired congenital tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45 (2) 202-204
52 Sistonen SJ, Koivusalo A, Lindahl H, Pukkala E, Rintala RJ, Pakarinen MP. Cancer after repair of esophageal atresia: population-based long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43 (4) 602-605