Download PDF
Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2016; 41(02): 120-138
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-102322
Fort- und Weiterbildung
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Alternative Ernährungsformen

Teil 2: Die Paleo-Ernährung – Naturgeschichte trifft moderne StoffwechselforschungAlternative DietsPart 2: The Paleo Diet – Natural History Meets Modern Metabolic Research
A. Ströhle
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Humanernährung
,
I. Behrendt
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Humanernährung
,
P. Behrendt
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Humanernährung
,
A. Hahn
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Humanernährung
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 April 2016 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die sog. „Steinzeiternährung“, auch als „Paleo-Diet“ oder „paläolithische Ernährung“ bezeichnet, ist eine alternative Ernährungsform, die derzeit auf großes Interesse stößt. Als Begründer der modernen Paleo-Bewegung gelten der Mediziner S. B. Eaton und der Anthropologe M. Konner. Zentrales Element des Paleo-Konzepts ist die Anpassungsthese. Danach ist der Stoffwechsel des modernen Menschen genetisch noch immer an die Ernährungsweise der Altsteinzeit angepasst. Die altsteinzeitliche Ernährungsweise soll daher als Referenzstandard für moderne Ernährungsempfehlungen dienen. Biotheoretisch fußt das Paleo-Konzept auf einem einseitigen Adaptationismus. Auch ist die tatsächliche Beschaffenheit der altsteinzeitlichen Nahrung nur ansatzweise bekannt. Eine „moderne“ Steinzeiternährung beinhaltet Obst, Gemüse, Nüsse und Samen sowie Meeresfrüchte, Fleisch und Eier; gemieden werden Hülsenfrüchte, Getreide und Milchprodukte. Damit wird eine hohe Nährstoffdichte für die meisten Mikronährstoffe erzielt, sodass die Paleo-Ernährung bei moderatem Fleischanteil für gesunde Erwachsene als Dauerkost geeignet ist. Für Patienten mit metabolischem Syndrom stellt die Paleo-Ernährung – neben einer kohlenhydratreduzierten mediterranen Ernährung – eine mögliche diätetische Alternative zur Gewichtsreduktion und Verbesserung der Stoffwechsellage dar.

Abstract

The so-called „paleo diet “or „paleolithic nutrition“ is an alternative diet, which encounters large interest at present. The modern paleo movement was founded by the physician S. B. Eaton and the anthropologist M. Konner. Central element of the paleo concept is the thesis of “adaptation”. Following this idea, the metabolism of modern humans is genetically still adapted to the nutrition of the paleolithic age. Hence, the paleolithic nutrition should be considered as a reference standard for modern diet recommendations. Biotheoretically, the paleo concept is based on a narrowed adaptationism − an “ism” which is fundamental questioned by the results of the niche construction research. Furthermore, it is unclear, to which “kind” of nutrition humans are thought to be adapted. The factual composition of “the” diet consumed by our paleolithic ancestors is only rudimentary known and varied depending on region and climate. Modern concepts of the „paleo diet“ include fruit, vegetables, nuts and seeds as well as seafood, meat and eggs. In contrast, legumes, cereals and milk products are avoided. Thus, a high nutrient density for most micronutrients is achieved with the paleo diet. If meat consumption is moderate, the paleo diet is adequate for humans on the long run. For patients with metabolic syndrome the paleo diet, as well as a carbohydrate reduced Mediterranean diet, can be seen as one of the possible alternatives for weight reduction and improvement of metabolic parameters.

Schlüsselwörter

Paleo-Ernährung - Humanevolution - Nischenkonstruktion - Adaptationismus - metabolisches Syndrom

Keywords

paleo diet - human evolution - niche construction - adaptationism - metabolic syndrome
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Ströhle A, Behrendt I, Leitzmann C et al. Alternative Ernährungsformen. Teil 1: Allgemeine Aspekte und vegetarische Kostformen. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2015; 41: 47-65
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Ströhle A. Sub specie evolutionis. Eine Studie zur Evolutionären Ernährungswissenschaft. 1. Aufl. Aachen: Shaker; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 1): Vom Paleokonzept zum Anpassungsparadigma. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 41-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Cordain L. The evolutionary basis for the therapeutic effects of high protein diets. In: Cordain L, Campbell TC, Hrsg. The protein debate. (19.05.2007). Im Internet: http://www.catalystathletics.com/articles/downloads/proteinDebate.pdf (Stand: 20.08.2008)
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Cordain L. The Paleo Diet: Lose weight and get healthy by eating the food you were designed to eat. 1. Aufl. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Richter N. Paleo – Steinzeit Diät: ohne Hunger abnehmen, fit und schlank werden – Power for Life. 115 Rezepte aus der modernen Steinzeitküche mit Fleisch, Fisch & Gemüse. Glutenfrei & laktosefrei. 1. Aufl. München: Christian; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Ströhle A. Der moderne Mensch, ein Gefangener des Paläolithikums? Eine kritische Analyse der evolutionsmedizinischen Mismatch-Theorie. Naturw Rdsch 2012; 65: 1-13
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 2): Auf der Suche nach „der“ paläolithischen Ernährung – paläoökologische Befunde. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 33-41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 3): Auf der Suche nach «der» paläolithischen Ernährung – ethnologische Befunde. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 34-41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 4): Fragen der Evolutionsgenetik und präventivmedizinisches Potenzial der Paläodiät. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2015; 2: 1-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 283-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cordain L, Friel J. The Paleo Diet for Athletes. 1. Aufl. Emmaus, PA: Rodale; 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 1988; 84: 739-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A et al. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 341-354
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lindeberg S. Food and western disease. Health and Nutrition from an evolutionary perspective. 1. Aufl. Chichester (UK): Wiley-Blackwell; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Lucock MD, Martin CE, Yates ZR et al. Diet and our genetic legacy in the recent anthropocene: a Darwinian perspective to nutritional health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2014; 19: 68-83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Junker T, Paul S. Der Darwin Code. Die Evolution erklärt unser Leben. 1. Aufl. München: C.H. Beck; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Hockett B, Jaws J. Nutritional ecology and diachronic trends in Paleolithic diet and health. Evol Anthropol 2003; 12: 211-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Leitzmann C. Nutrition ecology: origin and definition. Forum Nutr 2003; 56: 220-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Mahner M. Intelligent Design: Die Neuauflage des teleologischen Gottesbeweises. Naturwiss Rdsch 2008; 61: 453-458
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Gould SJ. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. 1. Aufl. Cambridge/Massachusetts, London: Belknap Press of Harvard University; 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Lewontin RC. Gene, organism and environment. In: Bendall DS, Hrsg. Evolution: From Molecules to Men. 1. Aufl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1983: 273-285
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Lewontin RC. Adaptation. In: Sober E, Hrsg. Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology. 1. Aufl. Cambridge/Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1984: 235-251
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Olding-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW. Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution. 1. Aufl. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Odling-Smee J, Erwin DH, Palkovacs EP et al. Niche construction theory: a practical guide for ecologists. Q Rev Biol 2013; 88: 4-28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Sterelny K. Made by each other: Organisms and their environment. Biol Philos 2005; 20: 21-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Lewontin RC. Die Dreifachhelix. Gen, Organismus und Umwelt. 1. Aufl. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Mueller UG, Rehner SA, Schultz TR. The evolution of agriculture in ants. Science 1998; 281: 2034-2038
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Laland KN, Brown GR. Niche construction, human behavior, and the adaptive-lag-hypothesis. Evol Anthropol 2006; 15: 95-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Laland KN, O’Brien MJ. Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction. Biol Theory 2011; 6: 91-202
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Smith EA, Wishnie M. Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Ann Rev Anthropol 2000; 29: 493-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Potts R. Variability selection in hominid evolution. Evol Anthropol 1998; 7: 81-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 O’Brien MJ, Laland K. Genes, Culture and Agriculture. An Example of Human Niche construction. Curr Anthropol 2012; 53: 434-470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Alvard MS. The adaptive nature of culture. Evol Anthropol 2003; 12: 136-149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Gage TB. Are modern environments really bad for us? Revisting the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 2005; 48: 96-117
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Astrup A. Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: epidemiologic and experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99 (Suppl. 05) 1235S-1242S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey Jr GC et al. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 594-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Eaton SB. The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition?. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 65: 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Eaton SB. Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids 1992; 27: 814-820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Eaton SB, Eaton 3rd SB, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 207-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Eaton SB, Konner MJ, Cordain L. Diet-dependent acid load, Paleolithic [corrected] nutrition, and evolutionary health promotion. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 295-297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Sayers K, Lovejoy CO. Blood, bulbs, and bunodonts: on evolutionary ecology and the diets of Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and early Homo. Q Rev Biol 2014; 89: 319-357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Antón SC, Potts R, Aiello LC. Human evolution. Evolution of early Homo: an integrated biological perspective. Science 2014; 345: 1236828
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Potts R. Hominin evolution in settings of strong environmental variability. Quater Sci Rev 2013; 73: 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 1666-1687
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Lindeberg S. Paleolithic diets as a model for prevention and treatment of Western disease. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24: 110-115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Brand-Miller JC, Griffin HJ, Colagiuri S. The carnivore connection hypothesis: revisited. J Obes 2012; 2012: 258624
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Lindeberg S. Modern Human Physiology with Respect to Evolutionary Adaptations that Relate to Diet in the Past. In: Hublin J-J, Richards MP. The Evolution of Hominin Diets. Integrating Approaches to the Study of Paleolithic Subsistence. 1. Aufl. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009: 43-57
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Zittermann A. Aktuelle Ernährungsempfehlungen vor dem Hintergrund prähistorischer Ernährungsweise. Ernahr-Umschau 2003; 50: 420-425
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Cordain L. The nutritional characteristics of a contemporary diet based upon paleolitic food groups. JAMA 2002; 5: 15-24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M et al. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 947-955
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Boers I, Muskiet FA, Berkelaar E et al. Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13: 160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8: 35
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M et al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 350-357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1795-1807
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Ströhle A, Hahn A, Sebastian A. Latitude, local ecology, and hunter-gatherer dietary acid load: implications from evolutionary ecology. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; a 92: 940-945
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Ströhle A, Hahn A, Sebastian A. Estimation of the diet-dependent net acid load in 229 worldwide historically studied hunter-gatherer societies. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 406-412
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Frassetto LA, Shi L, Schloetter M et al. Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic-Hunter-Gatherer-type diets. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 899-903
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Ernährung á la Altsteinzeit – Ultima Ratio der Prävention?. Dtsch Apothek Z 2011; 151: 54-62
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Whalen KA, McCullough M, Flanders WD et al. Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores and risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180: 1088-1097
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Ströhle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Die Ernährung des Menschen im evolutionsmedizinischen Kontext. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121: 173-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Ströhle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Carbohydrates and the diet-atherosclerosis connection – more between earth and heaven. Prev Med 2007; 44: 82-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Mazess RB, Mather W. Bone mineral content of North Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27: 916-925
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Todoriki H et al. The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28 (Suppl. 01) 500S-516S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2694-2703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Leonard WR. Food for thought. Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution. Sci Am 2002; 287: 106-115
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Masharani U, Sherchan P, Schloetter M et al. Metabolic and physiologic effects from consuming a hunter-gatherer (Paleolithic)-type diet in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69: 944-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z et al. Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 922-932
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R et al. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 204-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Gower BA, Goss AM. A lower-carbohydrate, higher-fat diet reduces abdominal and intermuscular fat and increases insulin sensitivity in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2015; 145: 177S-183S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 577-587
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Yokoyama Y, Barnard ND, Levin SM et al. Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2014; 4: 373-382
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Jenkins DJ, Wong JM, Kendall CW et al. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e003505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Gadgil MD, Appel LJ, Yeung E et al. The effects of carbohydrate, unsaturated fat, and protein intake on measures of insulin sensitivity: results from the OmniHeart trial. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 1132-1137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE et al. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 289-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S et al. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1991-2002
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Cordain L. The Paleo Answer. 1. Aufl. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2011
    Google Scholar