Zusammenfassung
Schätzungsweise jeder fünfte Deutsche leidet zumindest zeitweise an Obstipation. Obstipation
liegt vor, wenn der Stuhlgang oft hart ist, meist stark gepresst werden muss, immer
wieder das Gefühl einer unvollständigen Darmentleerung vorliegt, die Defäkation häufig
nur mit manueller Unterstützung möglich ist oder es seltener als 3-mal pro Woche zu
Stuhlgang kommt. Ältere Menschen leiden häufiger an Obstipation als jüngere. Etwa
2 Drittel der Betroffenen sind Frauen, 1 Drittel Männer. Diverse Grunderkrankungen
sind durch das Symptom Verstopfung gekennzeichnet. Obstipation kann aber auch eine
Nebenwirkung zahlreicher Medikamente sein. Oft ist jedoch keine Ursache erkennbar.
Die Obstipation ist dann funktioneller Natur. Gerade die funktionelle Obstipation
schafft Raum für Spekulationen, z. B. ob die Obstipation ein Ernährungs- oder Lifestyle-Phänomen
ist. Eine sichere Abklärung von ernsthaften organischen Ursachen ist in jedem Fall
notwendig. Die Diagnostik spielt bei Obstipation daher eine wichtige Rolle. Die Behandlung
der chronischen Obstipation erfordert neben gesunder Ernährung und Lebensführung vielfach
auch Laxanzien. Die Bedeutung von Probiotika in der Therapie wird zunehmend diskutiert.
Klinische Studien lassen positive Effekte von bestimmten Probiotika auf die Stuhlfrequenz
und die Schmerzreduktion vermuten. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen aktuellen Überblick
über Fakten und Vermutungen zur Epidemiologie, zu den Ursachen und zur Diagnostik
und Therapie der Obstipation.
Abstract
It is estimated that every fifth German adult is at least temporarily affected by
constipation. In the case of constipation, the feces are usually hard, bowel movement
frequently has to be forced, there is very often a feeling of incomplete bowel movement,
the bowel movement many times is only possible using manual assistance or defecation
happens less than 3 times a week. Elder people suffer more often from constipation
than younger ones. Approximately two thirds of affected persons are women, one third
are men. The causes of constipation are manifold. A number of diseases are associated
with the symptom of constipation. In addition, constipation is a common side-effect
of many different drugs. Often, the cause of constipation remains obscure. In this
case constipation is called a „functional” disease. Functional constipation in particular
provides room for speculation, e. g. to which extent constipation is a nutrition problem
or a life-style phenomenon. Therefore, a careful check-up for severe organic reasons
of constipation is definitely necessary. The diagnostic means to assess constipation
are of crucial relevance. Treatment of chronic constipation requires healthy nutrition,
healthy life-style and in most cases laxatives. The role of probiotics in the therapy
of constipation is discussed controversially. Clinical studies suggest positive effects
of particular probiotics on the defecation rate and pain reduction. This review provides
an overview on recent facts and speculations on the epidemiology, the causes, the
diagnosis and therapy of constipation.
Schlüsselwörter
Obstipation - Ernährung - Lifestyle - Laxanzien - Prä- und Probiotika
Key words
constipation - nutrition - life-style - laxatives - pre- and probiotics
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Prof. Dr. med. Stephan C. Bischoff
Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität Hohenheim
Fruwirthstraße 12
70593 Stuttgart
eMail: bischoff.stephan@uni-hohenheim.de