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J Reconstr Microsurg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2273-4075
Original Article

The Continued Impact of Godina's Principles: Outcomes of Flap Coverage as a Function of Time After Definitive Fixation of Open Lower Extremity Fractures

Elliot L. H. Le
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
,
Colin T. McNamara
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
,
Ryan S. Constantine
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
,
Mark A. Greyson
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
,
Matthew L. Iorio
1   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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Abstract

Background Early soft tissue coverage of open lower extremity fractures within 72 hours of injury leads to improved outcomes. Little is known about outcomes when definitive fixation is completed first. The purpose of this study is to quantify postoperative outcomes when soft tissue reconstruction is delayed until after definitive open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is completed.

Methods An insurance claims database was queried for all patients with open lower extremity fractures between 2010 and 2020 who underwent free or axial flap reconstruction after ORIF. This cohort was stratified into three groups: reconstruction performed 0 to 3, 3 to 7, and 7+ days after ORIF. The primary outcome was 90-day complication and reoperation rates. Bivariate and multivariable regression of all-cause complications and reoperations was evaluated for time to flap as a risk factor.

Results A total of 863 patients with open lower extremity fractures underwent ORIF prior to flap soft tissue reconstruction. In total, 145 (16.8%), 162 (18.8%), and 556 (64.4%) patients underwent soft tissue reconstruction 0 to 3 days, 4 to 7 days, and 7+ days after ORIF, respectively. The 90-day complication rate of surgical site infections ( SSI; 16.6%, 16,7%, 28.8%; p = 0.001) and acute osteomyelitis (5.5%, 6.2%, 27.7%; p < 0.001) increased with delayed soft tissue reconstruction. Irrigation and debridement rates were directly related to time from ORIF to flap (33.8%, 51.9%, 61.9%; p < 0.001). Hardware removal rates were significantly higher with delayed treatment (10.3%, 9.3%, 39.3%; p < 0.001). The 0 to 3 day (odds ratio [OR] = 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.32) and 4 to 7 day (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.40) groups showed protective factors against all-cause complications after bivariate and multivariate regression.

Conclusion Early soft tissue reconstruction of open lower extremity fractures performed within 7 days of ORIF reduces complication rates and reduces the variability of complication rates including SSIs, acute osteomyelitis, and hardware failure.

Keywords

Gustilo - lower extremity - open fracture - flap

Disclosures

The authors did not receive any funding for this study. The authors have no financial interests in any of the products or techniques mentioned and have received no external support related to this study.


The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 13 August 2023

Accepted: 15 February 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
21 February 2024

Article published online:
26 March 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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