Download PDF
Am J Perinatol 2022; 39(05): 501-512
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717071
Review Article

Change to Hearing Loss–Related Risks and Screening in Preterm Infants

Xiaodan Zhu
1   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
2   Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
3   Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
,
Xiaoping Lei
1   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
2   Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
3   Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
,
Wenbin Dong
1   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
2   Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
3   Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Hearing loss is one of the most common congenital defects in infancy; it increases speech and language delays and adversely affects academic achievement and socialemotional development. The risk of hearing loss in premature infants is higher than that in normal newborns, and because of the fragility of the auditory nervous system, it is more vulnerable to different risk factors. The hearing screening guidelines in current use were proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and updated in 2007, but there are no uniform guidelines for hearing screening in preterm infants. This review focuses on the risk factors related to hearing loss in premature infants, hearing screening strategies, and reasons for failure. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of hearing development in preterm infants to achieve early detection and early intervention. At the same time, attention should be paid to delayed auditory maturation in preterm infants to avoid excessive intervention.

Key Points

  • Hearing loss is very common in infancy, especially in premature infants.

  • Genetic factors, infection, hyperbilirubinemia, drugs, and noise are the main causes.

  • We should pay attention to the delayed hearing maturity of premature infants and avoid excessive intervention.

Keywords

hearing loss - hearing screening - preterm infants - cytomegalovirus

Authors' Contributions

The manuscript was conceived by X.L, designed and written by X.Z., and corrected by W.D.




Publication History

Received: 30 July 2020

Accepted: 14 August 2020

Article published online:
29 September 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 World Health Organizations, Deafness and hearing loss. Available at: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss. Accessed September 4, 2020
    PubMed
  • 2 Stewart JE, Bentley JE. Hearing loss in pediatrics: what the medical home needs to know. Pediatr Clin North Am 2019; 66 (02) 425-436
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Uchôa NT, Procianoy RS, Lavinsky L, Sleifer P. [Prevalence of hearing loss in very low birth weight neonates] (in Portuguese). J Pediatr (Rio J) 2003; 79 (02) 123-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Leung JC, Cifra CL, Agthe AG, Sun CC, Viscardi RM. Antenatal factors modulate hearing screen failure risk in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2016; 101 (01) F56-F61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 van Dommelen P, Verkerk PH, van Straaten HL. Dutch Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neonatal Hearing Screening Working Group. Hearing loss by week of gestation and birth weight in very preterm neonates. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (04) 840-3.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 George L, Patel JB, Park N, Manimtim WM. Implementation of updated hearing screen guidelines in a level IV NICU-a quality improvement project. Am J Perinatol 2019; 36 (03) 296-302
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Angrisani RM, Azevedo MF, Carvallo RM. et al. Electrophysiological characterization of hearing in small for gestational age premature infants. CoDAS 2013; 25 (01) 22-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 van Noort-van der Spek IL, Goedegebure A, Hartwig NG, Kornelisse RF, Franken MJP, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Normal neonatal hearing screening did not preclude sensorineural hearing loss in two-year-old very preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106 (10) 1569-1575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Martínez-Cruz CF, García Alonso-Themann P, Poblano A, Ochoa-López JM. Hearing loss, auditory neuropathy, and neurological co-morbidity in children with birthweight <750 g. Arch Med Res 2012; 43 (06) 457-463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Wu H, Feng Y, Jiang L. et al. Application of a new genetic deafness microarray for detecting mutations in the deaf in China. PLoS One 2016; 11 (03) e0151909
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hao Z, Fu D, Ming Y. et al. Large scale newborn deafness genetic screening of 142,417 neonates in Wuhan, China. PLoS One 2018; 13 (04) e0195740
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Gouveia FN, Jacob-Corteletti LCB, Silva BCS. et al. Unilateral and asymmetric hearing loss in childhood. CoDAS 2020; 32 (01) e20180280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Howell JB, Appelbaum EN, Armstrong MF, Chapman D, Dodson KM. An analysis of risk factors in unilateral versus bilateral hearing loss. Ear Nose Throat J 2019; 98 (06) 330-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Goderis J, De Leenheer E, Smets K, Van Hoecke H, Keymeulen A, Dhooge I. Hearing loss and congenital CMV infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2014; 134 (05) 972-982
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Dedhia K, Graham E, Park A. Hearing loss and failed newborn hearing screen. Clin Perinatol 2018; 45 (04) 629-643
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Peterson J, Nishimura C, Smith RJH. Genetic testing for congenital bilateral hearing loss in the context of targeted cytomegalovirus screening. Laryngoscope. 2020 (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1002/lary.28536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Foulon I, De Brucker Y, Buyl R. et al. Hearing loss with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatrics 2019; 144 (02) e20183095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Carraro M, Almishaal A, Hillas E, Firpo M, Park A, Harrison RV. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection causes degeneration of cochlear vasculature and hearing loss in a mouse model. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2017; 18 (02) 263-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Foulon I, Vleurinck L, Kerkhofs K, Gordts F. Hearing configuration in children with cCMV infection and proposal of a flow chart for hearing evaluation. Int J Audiol 2015; 54 (10) 714-719
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jung EY, Choi BY, Rhee J, Park J, Cho SH, Park KH. Relation between amniotic fluid infection or cytokine levels and hearing screen failure in infants at 32 wk gestation or less. Pediatr Res 2017; 81 (02) 349-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lutgendorf MA, Ippolito DL, Mesngon MT. et al. Effect of dexamethasone administered with magnesium sulfate on inflammation-mediated degradation of the blood-brain barrier using an in vitro model. Reprod Sci 2014; 21 (04) 483-491
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kim SH, Choi BY, Park J, Jung EY, Cho SH, Park KH. Maternal and placental factors associated with congenital hearing loss in very preterm neonates. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58 (03) 236-244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Pugliesi RR, Campillos MS, Calado Orsi KCS. et al. Correlation of premature infant sleep/wakefulness and noise levels in the presence or absence of “quiet time”. Adv Neonatal Care 2018; 18 (05) 393-399
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Almadhoob A, Ohlsson A. Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 1: CD010333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Brown G. NICU noise and the preterm infant. Neonatal Netw 2009; 28 (03) 165-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Waqas M, Gao S, Iram UsSalam, Ali MK, Ma Y, Li W. Inner ear hair cell protection in mammals against the noise-induced cochlear damage. Neural Plast 2018; 2018: 3170801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Rodarte MDO, Fujinaga CI, Leite AM, Salla CM, Silva CGD, Scochi CGS. Exposure and reactivity of the preterm infant to noise in the incubator. CoDAS 2019; 31 (05) e20170233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Can E, Verim A, Başer E, İnan N. Auditory neuropathy in late preterm infants treated with phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia. Int J Audiol 2015; 54 (02) 89-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Olds C, Oghalai JS. Bilirubin-induced audiologic injury in preterm infants. Clin Perinatol 2016; 43 (02) 313-323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Wickremasinghe AC, Risley RJ, Kuzniewicz MW. et al. Risk of sensorineural hearing loss and bilirubin exchange transfusion thresholds. Pediatrics 2015; 136 (03) 505-512
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Panahi R, Jafari Z, Sheibanizade A, Salehi M, Esteghamati A, Hasani S. The relationship between the behavioral hearing thresholds and maximum bilirubin levels at birth in children with a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 25 (72) 127-134
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Amin SB, Wang H, Laroia N, Orlando M. Unbound bilirubin and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in late preterm and term infants with severe jaundice. J Pediatr 2016; 173: 84-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Letamendia-Richard E, Ammar RB, Tridente A, De Luca D. Relationship between transcutaneous bilirubin and circulating unbound bilirubin in jaundiced neonates. Early Hum Dev 2016; 103: 235-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Amin SB, Wang H. Bilirubin albumin binding and unbound unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in premature infants. J Pediatr 2018; 192: 47-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Fuchs A, Zimmermann L, Bickle Graz M. et al. Gentamicin exposure and sensorineural hearing loss in preterm infants. PLoS One 2016; 11 (07) e0158806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 O'Sullivan ME, Perez A, Lin R, Sajjadi A, Ricci AJ, Cheng AG. Towards the prevention of aminoglycoside-related hearing loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11: 325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Guo J, Chai R, Li H, Sun S. Protection of hair cells from ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1130: 17-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Garcia-Huerta P, Rivas A, Hetz C. Stressing out the ER in aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6: e1762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Cristobal R, Oghalai JS. Hearing loss in children with very low birth weight: current review of epidemiology and pathophysiology. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93 (06) F462-F468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Nguyen T, Jeyakumar A. Genetic susceptibility to aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 120: 15-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Wang LA, Smith PB, Laughon M. Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act – Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee. et al. Prolonged furosemide exposure and risk of abnormal newborn hearing screen in premature infants. Early Hum Dev 2018; 125: 26-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Ding D, Liu H, Qi W. et al. Ototoxic effects and mechanisms of loop diuretics. J Otol 2016; 11 (04) 145-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Hirose K, Sato E. Comparative analysis of combination kanamycin-furosemide versus kanamycin alone in the mouse cochlea. Hear Res 2011; 272 (1,2): 108-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Xiong H, Chu H, Zhou X. et al. Conservation of endocochlear potential in mice with profound hearing loss induced by co-administration of kanamycin and furosemide. Lab Anim 2011; 45 (02) 95-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Zadrozniak M, Szymanski M, Luszczki JJ. Vitamin C alleviates ototoxic effect caused by coadministration of amikacin and furosemide. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71 (02) 351-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Aurélio FS, Dutra ÍP, Silva VB, Sampaio AL, Oliveira CA. Prevalence of hearing loss in newborns of mothers who had malaria and were treated with antimalaric drugs in pregnancy. Int Tinnitus J 2014; 19 (01) 68-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Liang C, Hong Q, Jiang TT. et al. The effects and outcomes of electrolyte disturbances and asphyxia on newborns hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77 (07) 1072-1076
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Kvestad E, Lie KK, Eskild A, Engdahl B. Sensorineural hearing loss in children: the association with Apgar score. A registry-based study of 3 92,371 children in Norway. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78 (11) 1940-1944
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Mitchell NA, Grimbly C, Rosolowsky ET. et al. Incidence and risk factors for hypoglycemia during fetal-to-neonatal transition in premature infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8: 34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Fitzgerald MP, Reynolds A, Garvey CM, Norman G, King MD, Hayes BC. Hearing impairment and hypoxia ischaemic encephalopathy: Incidence and associated factors. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23 (01) 81-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Neely ST, Fultz SE, Kopun JG, Lenzen NM, Rasetshwane DM. Cochlear reflectance and otoacoustic emission predictions of hearing loss. Ear Hear 2019; 40 (04) 951-960
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Raghuwanshi SK, Gargava A, Kulkarani V, Kumar A. Role of otoacoustic emission test in neonatal screening at tertiary center. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71 (Suppl. 02) 1535-1537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Jadia S, Qureshi S, Raghuwanshi P, Sharma S. Role of otoacoustic emissions in hearing assessment of neonates: a prospective observational study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71 (Suppl. 02) 1187-1189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Ngui LX, Tang IP, Prepageran N, Lai ZW. Comparison of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) for neonatal hearing screening in a hospital with high delivery rate. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 120: 184-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Ong KMC, Rivera AS, Chan AL, Chiong CM. Determining concordance and cost impact of otoacoustic emission and automated auditory brainstem response in newborn hearing screening in a tertiary hospital. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 128: 109704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Go NA, Stamper GC, Johnson TA. Cochlear mechanisms and otoacoustic emission test performance. Ear Hear 2019; 40 (02) 401-417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Smolkin T, Awawdeh S, Blazer S, Mick O, Makhoul IR. Delayed first otoacoustic emissions test decreases failure on neonatal hearing screening after caesarean delivery. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102 (05) e194-e199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Smolkin T, Anton Y, Ulanovsky I. et al. Impact of gestational age on neonatal hearing screening in vaginally-born late-preterm and early-term infants. Neonatology 2013; 104 (02) 110-115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Papsin E, Harrison AL, Carraro M, Harrison RV. Contralateral ear occlusion for improving the reliability of otoacoustic emission screening tests. Int J Otolaryngol 2014; 2014: 248187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Wroblewska-Seniuk K, Greczka G, Dabrowski P, Szyfter-Harris J, Mazela J. Hearing impairment in premature newborns-analysis based on the national hearing screening database in Poland. PLoS One 2017; 12 (09) e0184359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Borges LR, Donadon C, Sanfins MD, Valente JP, Paschoal JR, Colella-Santos MF. The effects of otitis media with effusion on the measurement of auditory evoked potentials. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 133: 109978
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Seethapathy J, Boominathan P, Uppunda AK, Ninan B. Changes in Auditory Brainstem Response in very preterm and late preterm infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 121: 88-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Mai X, Tardif T, Xu L. et al. Temporal processing in the auditory brainstem response by full-term 6-week- and 9-month-old infants. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 12647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Mohammed ST, El-Farrash RA, Taha HM, Moustafa OA. Auditory brainstem evoked response patterns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Perinatol 2021; 38 (S10): e231-e238
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Stipdonk LW, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Franken MC, Nasserinejad K, Dudink J, Goedegebure A. Auditory brainstem maturation in normal-hearing infants born preterm: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58 (10) 1009-1015
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 van Dyk M, Swanepoel W, Hall III JW. Outcomes with OAE and AABR screening in the first 48 h--Implications for newborn hearing screening in developing countries. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79 (07) 1034-1040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Frezza S, Catenazzi P, Gallus R. et al. Hearing loss in very preterm infants: should we wait or treat?. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2019; 39 (04) 257-262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sena TA, Ramos N, Rodrigues GR, Lewis DR. Testing time comparison between two procedures with new technologies of automated auditory brainstem response (AABR). CoDAS 2013; 25 (01) 34-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Gökdoğan Ç, Altınyay Ş, Gündüz B, Kemaloğlu YK, Bayazıt Y, Uygur K. Management of children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2016; 82 (05) 493-499
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Wang Q, Xiang J, Sun J. et al. Nationwide population genetic screening improves outcomes of newborn screening for hearing loss in China. Genet Med 2019; 21 (10) 2231-2238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Lim BG, Clark RH, Kelleher AS, Lin Z, Spitzer AR. Pediatrix SoundGene® Study Group Principal Investigators and Contributors. Utility of genetic testing for the detection of late-onset hearing loss in neonates. Am J Audiol 2013; 22 (02) 209-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Yu X, Lin Y, Xu J. et al. Molecular epidemiology of Chinese Han deaf patients with bi-allelic and mono-allelic GJB2 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15 (01) 29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Yu H, Liu D, Yang J, Wu Z. Prevalence of mutations in the GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3, and MT-RNR1 genes in 103 children with sensorineural hearing loss in Shaoxing, China. Ear Nose Throat J 2018; 97 (06) E33-E38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Huang S, Huang B, Wang G. et al. The relationship between the GJB3 c.538C>T variant and hearing phenotype in the Chinese population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 102: 67-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Ming L, Wang Y, Lu W, Sun T. A Mutational analysis of GJB2, SLC26A4, MT-RNA1, and GJB3 in children with nonsyndromic hearing loss in the Henan Province of China. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23 (01) 51-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Wei Q, Wang S, Yao J. et al. Genetic mutations of GJB2 and mitochondrial 12S rRNA in nonsyndromic hearing loss in Jiangsu Province of China. J Transl Med 2013; 11: 163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Weimer KED, Kelly MS, Permar SR, Clark RH, Greenberg RG. Association of adverse hearing, growth, and discharge age outcomes with postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in infants with very low birth weight. JAMA Pediatr 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Dobbins GC, Patki A, Chen D. et al. Association of CMV genomic mutations with symptomatic infection and hearing loss in congenital CMV infection. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19 (01) 1046
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Coscia A, Sorrenti M, Leone A. et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and audiological follow-up: electrophysiological auditory threshold before 3 months of age as a predictor of hearing outcome at 3 years of age. J Perinatol 2020; 40 (08) 1216-1221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Cama E, Inches I, Muzzi E. et al. Temporal bone high-resolution computed tomography in non-syndromic unilateral hearing loss in children. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2012; 74 (02) 70-77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Jallu AS, Jehangir M, Ul Hamid W, Pampori RA. Imaging evaluation of pediatric sensorineural hearing loss in potential candidates for cochlear implantation. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 67 (04) 341-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Agarwal SK, Singh S, Ghuman SS, Sharma S, Lahiri AK. Radiological assessment of the Indian children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Otolaryngol 2014; 2014: 808759
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Wu WJ, He XB, Tan LH. et al. Imaging assessment of profound sensorineural deafness with inner ear anatomical abnormalities. J Otol 2015; 10 (01) 29-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Gong WX, Gong RZ, Zhao B. HRCT and MRI findings in X-linked non-syndromic deafness patients with a POU3F4 mutation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78 (10) 1756-1762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Gao B, Jiang Y, Huang S. et al. Application of multiplanar reconstruction of spiral CT in the diagnosis and treatment of enlarged vestibular aqueducts. Acta Otolaryngol 2019; 139 (08) 665-670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Wien MA, Whitehead MT. The association among prematurity, cochlear hyperintensity, and hearing loss. Neuroradiol J 2017; 30 (05) 448-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Charnchaowanish P, Chawalparit O. Comparison of high resolution T2W and Gd-T1W of MRI internal acoustic canal in sensorineural hearing loss. J Med Assoc Thai 2016; 99 (11) 1245-1249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Shah J, Pham GN, Zhang J. et al. Evaluating diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 115: 41-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Wroblewska-Seniuk KE, Dabrowski P, Szyfter W, Mazela J. Universal newborn hearing screening: methods and results, obstacles, and benefits. Pediatr Res 2017; 81 (03) 415-422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 2010. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/cmsresources/mohfybjysqwss/cmsrsdocument/doc10798.doc
    PubMed
  • 91 Chung YS, Oh SH, Park SK. Referral rates for newborn hearing screening based on the test time. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 127: 109664
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Yang HC, Sung CM, Shin DJ, Cho YB, Jang CH, Cho HH. Newborn hearing screening in prematurity: fate of screening failures and auditory maturation. Clin Otolaryngol 2017; 42 (03) 661-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Weber BC, Whitlock SM, He K, Kimbrell BS, Derkay CS. An evidence based protocol for managing neonatal middle ear effusions in babies who fail newborn hearing screening. Am J Otolaryngol 2018; 39 (05) 609-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Schwarz Y, Kaufman GN, Daniel SJ. Newborn hearing screening failure and maternal factors during pregnancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 103: 65-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Rastogi S, Mikhael M, Filipov P, Rastogi D. Effects of ventilation on hearing loss in preterm neonates: nasal continuous positive pressure does not increase the risk of hearing loss in ventilated neonates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77 (03) 402-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Eras Z, Konukseven O, Aksoy HT. et al. Postnatal risk factors associated with hearing loss among high-risk preterm infants: tertiary center results from Turkey. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271 (06) 1485-1490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Wang CH, Yang CY, Lien R. et al. Prevalence and independent risk factors for hearing impairment among very low birth weight infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 93: 123-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar