Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000084.xml
Synthesis 2025; 57(13): 2037-2051
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775437
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775437
short review
Special Topic Dedicated to Prof. H. Ila
Advances in Carbon Nitride Catalysis towards Heterocyclization
The authors SY and HS sincerely thank and acknowledge CSIR, New Delhi for financial assistance of Fellowships: 09/263/(1146) 2018-EMR-I and 09/263/(1210)/2019-EMR-I.
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides are unique π-conjugated polymers, now known for their physiochemical stability, earth-abundance in nature, visible-light-driven, electron-hole pair conduction leading to photocatalysis, and environmentally benign materials. This review summarizes recent and emerging concepts in heterogeneous catalysis employing carbon nitrides and their fabricated materials towards heterocyclic syntheses.
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of Heterocycles
3 Conclusion
Key words
graphitic carbon-nitride - heterocycles - heterogeneous catalysis - visible-light photocatalysis - organic synthesisPublication History
Received: 05 June 2024
Accepted after revision: 11 December 2024
Article published online:
26 May 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Ertl GG. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009; 48: 6600
- 2a Kumar P, Singh G, Guan X, Lee J, Bahadur R, Ramadass K, Kumar P, Kibria MG, Vidyasagar D, Yi J, Vinu A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2023; 52: 7602
- 2b Li H, Cheng B, Xu J, Yu J, Cao S. EES Catal. 2024; 2: 411
- 3a Liu N, Li T, Zhao Z, Liu J, Luo X, Yuan X, Luo K, He J, Yu D, Zhao Y. ACS Omega 2020; 5: 12557
- 3b Liebig JV. Ann. Pharm. 1834; 10: 1
- 3c Chauhan RS, Jerman I, Heath D, Bohn S, Gandhi S, Sadhu V, Baker S, Horvet M. Nano Sel. 2021; 2: 712
- 4 Zecchina A, Bordiga S, Groppo E. In Selective Nanocatalysts and Nanoscience: Concepts for Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis . Zecchina A, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim: 2011: 1
- 5 Basset JM, Choplin A. J. Mol. Catal. 1983; 21: 95
- 6 Basset JM, Lefebvre F, Santini C. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998; 178–180: 1703
- 7 Copéret C, Chabanas M, Petroff Saint-Arroman R, Basset JM. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003; 42: 156
- 8 Bertelsen S, Jørgensen KA. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009; 38: 2178
- 9 Barbas CF. III. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008; 47: 42
- 10 Dalko PI. In Enantioselective Organocatalysis . Dalko PI. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim: 2007: 1
- 11 List B. Chem. Rev. 2007; 107: 5413
- 12 Miller TS, Jorge AB, Suter TM, Sella A, Corà F, McMillan PF. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017; 19: 15613
- 13 Ghafuri H, Tajik Z, Ghanbari N, Hanifehnejad P. Sci. Rep. 2021; 11: 19792
- 14 Kumar Verma S, Verma R, Girish YR, Xue F, Yan L, Verma S, Singh M, Vaishnav Y, Shaik AB, Bhandare RR, Rakesh KP, Sharath Kumar KS, Rangappa KS. Green Chem. 2022; 24: 438
- 15 Bhanderi D, Lakhani P, Modi CK. RSC Sustainability 2024; 2: 265
- 16 Zhao Z, Sun Y, Dong F. Nanoscale 2015; 7: 15
- 17 Liu R, Zhang C, Liu R, Sun Y, Ren B, Tong Y, Tao Y. J. Environ. Sci. 2025; 150: 657
- 18 Jiang L, Yuan X, Pan Y, Liang J, Zeng G, Wu Z, Wang H. Appl. Catal., B 2017; 217: 388
- 19 Rohan Khizer M, Saddique Z, Imran M, Javaid A, Latif S, Mantzavinos D, Momotko M, Boczkaj G. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2024; 350: 127768
- 20 Zhang M, Yang Y, An X, Hou L.-a. J. Chem. Eng. 2021; 412: 128663
- 21 Ma D, Zhang Z, Zou Y, Chen J, Shi JW. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024; 500: 215489
- 22 Wang J, Wang S. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022; 453: 214338
- 23 Zhu J, Xiao P, Li H, Carabineiro SA. C. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014; 6: 16449
- 24 Rono N, Kibet JK, Martincigh BS, Nyamori VO. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2021; 46: 189
- 25 Morrison RT, Boyd RN. Organic Chemistry, 6th ed. Prentice Hall; Englewood Cliffs: 1992
- 26 Clayden J, Greeves N, Warren S. Organic Chemistry . Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2012
- 27 Brown TA, Brown SA, Booth RF. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2018; 87: 635
- 28 Frazer LH, Topp JN, Schobert B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017; 114: 4568
- 29 Banerjee R, Ragsdale SW. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2003; 72: 209
- 30 Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II: A Review of the Literature 1982–1995 . Katritzky AR, Rees CW, Scriven EF. V. Pergamon; Oxford: 1996
- 31 Singla P, Luxami V, Paul K. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015; 102: 39
- 32 Kumar R, Singh G. Pharmacophore 2022; 13: 41
- 33 Chopra I, Roberts M. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2001; 65: 232
- 34 Shippy SA, Hsieh Y, Urbauer JL, Urbauer RJ. J. Biol. Chem. 2010; 285: 30208
- 35a Serafini M, Pirali T, Tron GC. Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 2021; 134: 101
- 35b Fuloria S, Sekar M, Khattulanuar FS, Gan SH, Rani NN. I. M, Ravi S, Subramaniyan V, Jeyabalan S, Begum MY, Chidambaram K, Sathasivam KV, Safi SZ, Wu YS, Nordin R, Maziz MN. H, Kumarasamy V, Lum PT, Fuloria NK. Molecules 2022; 27: 5072
- 36a Lee S.-A, Sadu VS, Park N.-J, Hwang I.-T, Lee K.-I. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2014; 35: 1894
- 36b Dagoneau D, Xu Z, Wang Q, Zhu J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 760
- 37 Wen J, Xie J, Chen X, Li X. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017; 391: 72
- 38 Wang P, Zhao Q, Xiao W, Chen J. Green Synth. Catal. 2020; 1: 42
- 39 Singh PP, Srivastava V. RSC Adv. 2022; 12: 18245
- 40 Qamar MA, Javed M, Shahid S, Shariq M, Fadhali MM, Ali SK, Khan MS. Heliyon 2023; 9: e12685
- 41 Ao Z, Wang S, Tan L, Nie C, Sun H, An T. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021; 9: 17
- 42 Kobkeatthawin T, Chaveanghong S, Trakulmututa J, Amornsakchai T, Kajitvichyanukul P, Smith SM. Nanomaterials 2022; 12: 2852
- 43 Low J, Cao S, Yu J, Wageh S. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 10768
- 44 Wang X, Blechert S, Antonietti M. ACS Catal. 2012; 2: 1596
- 45 Cao S, Yu J. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014; 5: 2101
- 46 Ong W.-J, Tan L.-L, Ng YH, Yong S.-T, Chai S.-P. Chem. Rev. 2016; 116: 7159
- 47 Tahir M, Mahmood N, Zhu J, Mahmood A, Butt FK, Rizwan S, Aslam I, Tanveer M, Idrees F, Shakir I, Cao C, Hou Y. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 12389
- 48 Shi L, Wang T, Zhang H, Chang K, Ye J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015; 25: 5360
- 49 Fang J, Fan H, Li M, Long C. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015; 3: 13819
- 50 Dong G, Ho W, Li Y, Zhang L. Appl. Catal., B 2015; 174–175: 477
- 51 Liang Q, Li Z, Huang Z.-H, Kang F, Yang Q.-H. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015; 25: 6885
- 52 Ma TY, Tang Y, Dai S, Qiao SZ. Small 2014; 10: 2382
- 53 Zhang G, Zhang M, Ye X, Qiu X, Lin S, Wang X. Adv. Mater. 2014; 26: 805
- 54 Oh J, Yoo RJ, Kim SY, Lee YJ, Kim DW, Park S. Chem. Eur. J. 2015; 21: 6241
- 55 Shiraishi Y, Kofuji Y, Sakamoto H, Tanaka S, Ichikawa S, Hirai T. ACS Catal. 2015; 5: 3058
- 56 Shiraishi Y, Kanazawa S, Sugano Y, Tsukamoto D, Sakamoto H, Ichikawa S, Hirai T. ACS Catal. 2014; 4: 774
- 57 Liu J, Wang H, Chen ZP, Moehwald H, Fiechter S, Van De Krol R, Wen L, Jiang L, Antonietti M. Adv. Mater. 2015; 27: 712
- 58 Maeda K, Wang X, Nishihara Y, Lu D, Antonietti M, Domen K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009; 113: 4940
- 59 Wang DH, Pan JN, Li HH, Liu JJ, Wang YB, Kang LT, Yao JN. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016; 4: 290
- 60 Zhang Z, Jiang D, Li D, He M, Chen M. Appl. Catal., B 2016; 183: 113
- 61 Song X, Hu Y, Zheng M, Wei C. Appl. Catal., B 2016; 182: 587
- 62 Liu J, Li W, Duan L, Li X, Ji L, Geng Z, Huang K, Lu L, Zhou L, Liu Z, Chen W, Liu L, Feng S, Zhang Y. Nano Lett. 2015; 15: 5137
- 63 Xiao J, Xie Y, Nawaz F, Wang Y, Du P, Cao H. Appl. Catal., B 2016; 183: 417
- 64 Zhang G, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang X. J. Mater. Chem. 2012; 22: 8083
- 65 Wang K, Li Q, Liu B, Cheng B, Ho W, Yu J. Appl. Catal., B 2015; 176–177: 44
- 66 Yu J, Wang K, Xiao W, Cheng B. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014; 16: 11492
- 67 Cui Y, Zhang G, Lin Z, Wang X. Appl. Catal., B 2016; 181: 413
- 68 Sunasee S, Leong KH, Wong KT, Lee G, Pichiah S, Nah I, Jeon BH, Yoon Y, Jang M. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019; 26: 1082
- 69 Yu Q, Xu Q, Li H, Yang K, Li X. J. Mater. Sci. 2019; 54: 14599
- 70 Wang X, Maeda K, Thomas A, Takanabe K, Xin G, Carlsson JM, Domen K. Nat. Mater. 2009; 8: 76
- 71a Dong F, Wu L, Sun Y, Fu M, Wu Z, Lee SC. J. Mater. Chem. 2011; 21: 15171
- 71b Cui S, Xie B, Li R, Pei J, Tian Y, Zhang J, Xing X. Materials 2020; 13: 1274
- 72 Zhu J, Wei Y, Chen W, Zhao Z, Thomas A. Chem. Commun. 2018; 46: 6965
- 73 Li Q, He Y, Peng R. RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 24507
- 74 Mazzanti S, Savateev A. ChemPlusChem 2020; 85: 2499
- 75 Qin J, Wang S, Ren H, Hou Y, Wang X. Appl. Catal. B: Environmental 2015; 179: 1
- 76 Li X, Wang B, Yin Y, Di J, Xia J, Zhu W, Li H. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2020; 36: 1902001
- 77 Yang M, Lian R, Zhang X, Wang C, Cheng J, Wang X. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13: 4900
- 78 Iqbal N, Afzal A, Khan I, Khan S, Qurashi A. Sci. Rep. 2021; 11: 16886
- 79 Rodríguez-Padrón D, Puente-Santiago AR, Balu AM, Muñoz-Batista MJ, Luque R. Front. Chem. 2019; 7: 103
- 80 Pan G, Yang Q, Wang W, Tang Y, Cai Y. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021; 17: 1171
- 81a Movahed SK, Salari P, Kasmaei M, Armaghan M, Dabiri M, Amini MM. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2018; 32: e3914
- 81b Parya S, Saha A, Banerjee S. ChemCatChem 2018; 10: 5468
- 82 Li Y, Ma J, Liu Z, Jin D, Jiao G, Guo Y, Wang Q, Zhou J, Sun R. New J. Chem. 2021; 45: 365
- 83 Zeng F.-L, Zhu H.-L, Chen X.-L, Qu L.-B, Yu B. Green Chem. 2021; 23: 3677
- 84 Kurpil B, Otte K, Mishchenko A, Lamagni P, Lipiński W, Lock N, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Nat. Commun. 2019; 10: 945
- 85 Song T, Zhou B, Peng G.-W, Zhang Q.-B, Wu L.-Z, Liu Q, Wang Y. Chem. Eur. J. 2014; 20: 678
- 86 Su F, Mathew SC, Möhlmann L, Antonietti M, Wang X, Blechert S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 657
- 87 Verma S, Nasir Baig RB, Nadagouda MN, Len C, Verma RS. Green Chem. 2017; 19: 164
- 88 Kurpil B, Otte K, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Appl. Catal., B 2018; 228: 97
- 89 Sharma AS, Sharma VS, Kaur H. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020; 3: 1191
- 90 Bahuguna A, Choudhary P, Chhabra T, Krishnan V. ACS Omega 2018; 3: 12163
- 91 Verma F, Sahu A, Singh PK, Rai A, Singh M, Rai VK. Green Chem. 2018; 20: 3783
- 92 Singh PK, Bhardiya SR, Asati A, Rai VK, Singh M, Rai A. ChemistrySelect 2020; 5: 14270
- 93 Choudhary P, Arghya S, Kumar A, Dhingra S, Nagaraja CM, Krishnan V. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021; 5: 6265
- 94 Jiang H, Zang C, Cheng H, Sun B, Gao X. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2021; 11: 7955
- 95 Verma S, Nasir Baig RB, Nadagouda MN, Verma RS. ChemCatChem 2016; 8: 690
- 96 Bahuguna A, Kumar A, Chhabra T, Kumar A, Krishnan V. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018; 1: 6711
- 97 Vilé G, Di Liberto G, Tosono S, Sivo A, Ruta V, Nachtegaal M, Clark AH, Agnoli S, Zou Y, Savateev A, Antonietti M, Pacchioni G. ACS Catal. 2022; 12: 2947
- 98 Dandia A, Mahawar DK, Saini P, Saini S, Gupta SL, Rathore KS, Parewa V. RSC Adv. 2021; 11: 28452
- 99 Bai J, Yan S, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Zhou C.-Y. Org. Lett. 2021; 23: 4843
- 100 Dang M, Jia R, Tan K, Hao D, Yang W, Zhou C.-Y, Guo Z. J. Org. Chem. 2024; 89: 4031
- 101 Singh PK, Khuntey B, Bhardiya SR, Singh M, Rai VK, Rai A. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2023; 60: 232