Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Das CAR-Syndrom ist eine seltene paraneoplastische Erkrankung. Die häufigste Assoziation
besteht zum kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinom. In der Pathogenese spielen Antikörper
eine Rolle, die gegen die Retina und auch andere okuläre Strukturen gerichtet sind.
Diese induzieren die Apoptose in den retinalen Photorezeptorzellen. Fallbeschreibung: Wir berichten über eine 68-jährige Patientin, die sich im Februar 2003 wegen Sehstörungen
mit progredienter Visusverschlechterung und Gesichtsfeldeinschränkung vorstellte,
welche anamnestisch erstmalig im Jahre 1998 aufgetreten waren. Ergebnisse: Bei der Erstuntersuchung fanden sich beidseits ein Visus von 0,1 und konzentrische
Gesichtsfelddefekte. Das Elektroretinogramm zeigte skotopisch und photopisch reduzierte
Amplituden. In der Fluoreszenzangiographie fanden sich beidseits eine Uveitis intermedia,
eine Engstellung der Gefäße, eine Optikusatrophie und punktförmige Pigmentepitheldefekte.
Da anamnestisch ein Zustand nach Operation eines Adenokarzinoms der Zervix im Juni
2002 bestand, wurde die Verdachtsdiagnose CAR-Syndrom gestellt. Die Serumdiagnostik
ergab im Western Blot einen positiven Befund bezüglich verschiedener retinaler Autoantikörper.
Anhand der Befunde konnte die Diagnose des CAR-Syndroms gesichert werden. Eine Therapie
wurde mittels hoch dosierter systemischer Kortikosteroide durchgeführt. Hierunter
zeigte sich im weiteren Verlauf ein stabiler Befund. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei einer unklaren, progredienten Visusverschlechterung mit einer konzentrischen
Gesichtsfeldeinengung und einem pathologischen Elektroretinogramm sowie vorliegenden
Zeichen einer Uveitis ist stets differenzialdiagnostisch ein CAR-Syndrom auszuschließen.
Es ist zu bedenken, dass die ophthalmologischen Symptome deutlich vor der Erstdiagnose
des Karzinoms auftreten können.
Abstract
Background: CAR is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome. It is most commonly associated with small-cell
carcinoma of the lung. Specific autoantibodies exist not only against the retina but
also against other ocular structures. They induce apoptotic death of retinal photoreceptor
cells. Case report: We report about a 68-year-old patient who presented in February 2003 with progressive
visual dysfunction including visual acuity loss and visual field defects of unknown
origin, which first manifested in the year 1998. Results: We found a visual acuity of 0.1 in both eyes and concentric visual field defects.
The scotopic and photopic electroretinogram was markedly reduced. Uveitis intermedia
in both eyes, narrowing of the vessels, especially of the arterioles, optic atrophy
and window defects in the retinal pigment epithelium were observed on fluorescein
angiography. Due to the patient’s report about a resection of an adenocarcinoma of
the cervix in June 2002, she was diagnosed as having CAR syndrome. Serologic screening
by Western blot analysis revealed different specific autoantibodies against retinal
proteins. The patient was treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy. The follow-up
showed stable findings. Conclusions: In patients with progressive visual loss, concentric visual field defects and pathological
electroretinogram as well as evidence of uveitis, a CAR syndrome has to be ruled out.
One has to take into consideration that visual dysfunction can appear before the primary
cancer is diagnosed.
Schlüsselwörter
CAR-Syndrom - Uveitis - retinale Autoantikörper
Key words
CAR syndrome - uveitis - autoantibodies against the retina
Literatur
- 1
Adamus G.
Autoantibody-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of autoimmune retinopathy.
Autoimmun Rev.
2003 Mar;
2 (2)
63-68
- 2
Adamus G, Amundson D, Seigel G M. et al .
Anti-enolase-alpha autoantibodies in cancer-associated retinopathy: epitope mapping
and cytotoxicity on retinal cells.
J Autoimmun.
1998;
11 (6)
671-677
- 3
Chan J W.
Paraneoplastic retinopathies and optic neuropathies.
Surv Ophthalmol.
2003;
48 (1)
12-38
- 4
Cogan D G, Kuwabara T, Currie J. et al .
Paraneoplastic retinopathy simulating cone dystrophy with achromatopsia.
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.
1990;
197 (2)
156-158
- 5
Cohen R G, Rizzo 3rd J, Lou P.
New developments in cancer-associated retinopathy.
Int Ophthalmol Clin.
1997;
37 (4)
233-250
- 6
De Potter P, Disneur D, Levecq L. et al .
Ocular manifestation of cancer.
J FR Ophthalmol.
2002;
25 (2)
194-202
- 7
Eichen J G, Dalmau J, Demopopoulos A. et al .
The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor is an autoantigen of paraneoplastic
retinopathy.
J Neuroophthalmol.
2001;
21 (3)
168-172
- 8
Eltabbakh G H, Hoogerland D L, Kay M C.
Paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with uterine sarcoma.
Gynecol Oncol.
1995;
58 (1)
120-123
- 9
Goldstein S M, Syed N A, Milam A H. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1999;
117 (12)
1641-1645
- 10
Harmon J P, Purvin V A, Guy J. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy in a patient with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Gynecol Oncol.
1999;
73 (3)
430-432
- 11
Haus A H, Palmowski A M, Pföhler C. et al .
Melanoma-associated retinopathy: screening for melanoma-associated retinopathy in
patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Neuroophthalmol.
2002;
27 (1 - 3)
121-137
- 12
Jacobson D M, Adamus G.
Retinal anti-bipolar cell antibodies in a patient with paraneoplastic retinopathy
and colon carcinoma.
Am J Ophthalmol.
2001;
131 (6)
806-808
- 13
Jacobcon D M.
Paraneoplastic disorders of neuro-ophthalmologic interest.
Curr Opin Ophthalmol.
1996;
7 (6)
30-38
- 14
Jacobson D M, Thirkill C E, Tipping S J.
A clinical triad to diagnose paraneoplastic retinopathy.
Ann Neurol.
1990;
28 (2)
162-167
- 15
Kashiwabara K, Nakamura H, Kishi K. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy during treatment for small-cell lung carcinoma.
Intern Med.
1999;
38 (7)
597-601
- 16
Katsuta H, Okada M, Nakauchi T. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy associated with invasive thymoma.
Am J Ophthalmol.
2002;
134 (3)
383-389
- 17
Keltner J L, Thirkill C E, Tyler N K. et al .
Management and monitoring of cancer-associated retinopathy.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1992;
110 (1)
48-53
- 18
Klingele T G, Burde R M, Rappazzo J A. et al .
Paraneoplastic retinopathy.
J Clin Neuroophthalmol.
1984;
4 (4)
239-245
- 19
Ling C P, Pavesio C.
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with visual loss.
Curr Opin Ophthalmol.
2003;
14 (6)
426-432
- 20
Masaoka N, Emoto Y, Sasaoka A. et al .
Fluorescein angiographic findings in a case of cancer-associated retinopathy.
Retina.
1999;
19 (5)
462-464
- 21
Matsui Y, Mehta M C, Katsumi O. et al .
Electrophysiological findings in a paraneoplastic retinopathy.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.
1992;
230 (4)
324-328
- 22
Niemeyer G, Schaefer A.
Normal fundus and abnormal electroretinogram: differential diagnosis.
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.
2002;
219 (4)
259-263
- 23
Ohguro H, Nakazawa M.
Pathological roles of recoverin in cancer-associated retinopathy.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
2002;
514
109-124
- 24
Ohguro H, Ogawa K, Maeda A. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy induced by both anti-recoverin and anti-hsc70 antibodies
in vivo.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
1999;
40 (13)
3160-3167
- 25
Peek R, Dijkstra B G, Meek B. et al .
Autoantibodies to photoreceptor membrane proteins and outer plexiform layer in patients
with cancer-associated retinopathy.
Clin Exp Immunol.
2002;
128 (3)
498-503
- 26
Pföhler C, Haus A, Palmowski A. et al .
Melanoma-associated retinopathy: high frequency of subclinical findings in patients
with melanoma.
Br J Dermatol.
2003;
149
74-78
- 27
Polans A S, Witkowska D, Haley T L. et al .
Recoverin, a photoreceptor-specific calcium-binding protein, is expressed by the tumor
of a patient with cancer-associated retinopathy.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1995;
92 (20)
9176-9180
- 28
Polans A S, Buczylko J, Crabb J. et al .
A photoreceptor calcium binding protein is recognized by autoantibodies obtained from
patients with cancer-associated retinopathy.
J Cell Biol.
1991;
112 (5)
981-989
- 29
Savchenko M S, Bazhin A V, Shifrina O N. et al .
Antirecoverin autoantibodies in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer but without
cancer-associated retinopathy.
Lung Cancer.
2003;
41 (3)
363-367
- 30
Shiraga S, Adamus G.
Mechanism of CAR-syndrome: anti-recoverin antibodies are the inducers of retinal cell
apoptotic death via the caspase 9 and caspase 3-dependen pathway.
J Neuroimmunol.
2002;
132 (1 - 2)
72-82
- 31
Sobottka B, Schlote T, Besch D. et al .
Carcinoma-associated retinopathy: a review with clinical examples.
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.
2000;
216 (1)
17-22
- 32
Solomon S D, Smith J H, O’Brien J.
Ocular manifestations of systemic malignancies.
Curr Opin Ophthalmol.
1999;
10 (6)
447-451
- 33
Thirkill C E.
Lung cancer-associated blindness.
Lung Cancer.
1996;
14 (2 - 3)
253-264
- 34
Thirkill C E, Fitz Gerald P, Sergott R C. et al .
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR syndrome) with antibodies reacting with retinal,
optic nerve, and cancer cell.
N Engl J Med.
1989;
321 (23)
1589-1594
- 35
Thirkill C E, Roth A M, Keltner J L.
Paraneoplastic retinopathy syndrome.
Ophthalmology.
1993;
100 (2)
147
- 36
Withcup S M, Vistica B P, Milam A H. et al .
Recoverin-associated retinopathy: a clinically and immunologically distinctive disease.
Am J Ophthalmol.
1998;
126 (2)
230-237
- 37
Yamada G, Ohguro H, Aketa K. et al .
Invasive thymoma with paraneoplastic retinopathy.
Hum Pathol.
2003;
34 (7)
717-719
- 38
Yoon Y H, Cho E H, Sohn J. et al .
An unusual type of cancer-associated retinopathy in a patient with ovarian cancer.
Korean J Ophthalmol.
1999;
13 (1)
43-48
Dr. med. S. Seles
Universitätsaugenklinik Ulm
Prittwitzstraße 43
89075 Ulm
Email: sseles@web.de